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. 2026 Apr 10;17:1816023. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2026.1816023

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Copyright © 2026 Delgado Santander and Zhao.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Panel A shows a boxplot comparing percent DSR across different sample groups labeled on the x-axis, with statistical differences indicated by letters above each box and median values marked. Panel B displays a scatter plot correlating single-BCA percent DSR with mean paired-BCA percent DSR, reporting a positive Spearman correlation. Panel C presents a boxplot of percent CE across the same sample groups, with statistical differences marked by letters. Panel D shows a scatter plot relating single-BCA percent CE to mean paired-BCA percent CE, indicating a positive correlation. Both panels A and C show P-values less than 0.0001. — Suppression of fire blight symptoms on immature “Pink Lady” apples by individual and paired BCAs. (A,C) Percentage of disease-severity reduction (%DSR) (A) and control efficacy (%CE) values (C) for each BCA applied alone (white circles) or as part of a pairwise BCA combination (black dots). Each dot is an average value of 5 fruits. A value of 0% indicates symptoms equal to the pathogen-only control, while 100% indicates complete absence of symptoms. Single-BCA data superposed to pairwise treatments are shown for reference but were not included in the statistical analysis. Different letters indicate statistically significant differences among treatments (α = 0.05) (B,D) Spearman’s rank correlation between individual BCA efficacy and mean pairwise treatment efficacy. For each BCA, its individual %DSR (B) or %CE (D) (x-axis) was plotted against the mean %DSR or %CE of all pairwise combinations that included that specific BCA (y-axis). r_s, represents Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient, and the P-value, the significance of the correlation. Microbacterium sp. 2173; Microbacterium sp. ABR10, Priestia sp. ABR6, Curtobacterium sp. ABR8; Bacillus sp. 2175, Bacillus sp. BWC; Rahnella sp. EL51, Erwinia sp. 2186; Pantoea sp. ABR1b, Pantoea sp. ABR1s, Pseudomonas sp. ABR5, Pseudomonas sp. 2180; yeast: Rhodotorula sp. 2176.