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. 2026 Apr 10;17:1816023. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2026.1816023

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Copyright © 2026 Delgado Santander and Zhao.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Figure composed of four panels (A–D), each with a boxplot at the top showing net interaction values for multiple sample groups labeled along the x-axis, and a corresponding heatmap below displaying pairwise net interaction values. Color bars indicate a gradient from black (negative) to yellow (positive), with color intensity representing magnitude. Panel titles and P values reflect statistical significance between groups. Boxplots include letter annotations for group comparisons. Heatmaps have a consistent sample label order on both axes. — Net interaction effects of paired-BCA treatments in symptom development on immature “Pink Lady” apples. Box-and-whisker plots show the distribution of net interaction values for each strain (on the x-axis) combined with the remaining strains (gray dots). (A,B) Net interactions between strains calculated as the difference between the observed efficacy of the pair, assessed as percent disease severity reduction (%DSR) (A) or percent control efficacy (%CE) (B), and the expected efficacy based on Bliss independence model with overlapping. (C,D) Net interactions between strains calculated as the difference between the observed efficacy of the pair, assessed as percent disease severity reduction (%DSR) (C) or percent control efficacy (%CE) (D), and the highest of the two single-strain efficacies (best single agent criterium). Box plots show the median, interquartile range and range, with points indicating paired-strain net interaction values. The gray area between 5% and –5% indicates neutrality/additivity (no interaction). Different letters indicate statistically significant differences between groups based on post-hoc tests (a = 0.05). Heatmaps illustrate net biocontrol efficacy patterns for each pairwise combination. In the color scale, intense yellow indicates synergy (symptom suppression above the expected), white indicates neutral/additive interactions and black denotes antagonistic interactions effects (observed lesions larger than expected). Microbacterium sp. 2173; Microbacterium sp. ABR10, Priestia sp. ABR6, Curtobacterium sp. ABR8; Bacillus sp. 2175, Bacillus sp. BWC; Rahnella sp. EL51, Erwinia sp. 2186; Pantoea sp. ABR1b, Pantoea sp. ABR1s, Pseudomonas sp. ABR5, Pseudomonas sp. 2180; yeast: Rhodotorula sp. 2176.