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. 2026 Apr 24;7:0495. doi: 10.34133/cbsystems.0495

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Copyright © 2026 Ming Yang et al.

Exclusive licensee Beijing Institute of Technology Press. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0).

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Fig. 2. — Synthesis and characterization of polydopamine-Fe/BNN6 (PFB) and PFB@CM nanomotors. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of (A) polydopamine (PDA), (B) PDA-Fe, (C) PFB, and (D) negatively stained PFB@CM nanomotors. Scale bar: 50 nm. (E) STEM-high-angle annular dark-field (HAADF) image and corresponding elemental mappings of PFB (E1: C, E2: N, E3: Fe). (F) X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectrum and (G) high-resolution Fe spectrum of PFB. (H) Ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) absorption spectra of PDA, PDA-Fe, PFB, and BNN6. (I) Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of BNN6, PDA, PDA-Fe, and PFB. (J) Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis confirming the preservation of MCF-7 cell membrane proteins. (K) Zeta potentials of PDA, PDA-Fe, PFB, and PFB@CM. a.u., arbitrary units.