Table 6.

Comparative overview of biologics and small molecules

Category	Biologics (monoclonal antibodies)	Small molecules
Mechanistic focus	Aggregate-directed strategies	Diverse mechanisms, with relatively limited emphasis on aggregate-directed strategies
BBB penetration	Low	Generally higher
Route of administration	Intravenous	Oral (potential)
Risk of ARIA	High; class-specific safety concern	No ARIA-specific risk; adverse events are mechanism-dependent
Cost	High	Potentially lower
Accessibility	Limited by infrastructure and cost	Potentially broader accessibility
Implication for elderly populations	Requires hospital-based administration and monitoring	Potentially more convenient for long-term use in elderly patients