Table 3.
Risk factors for nontraumatic limb malformation.
| Bivariate analysis
|
Multivariate modela |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Risk factor | OR (95% CI) | p-Value | OR (95% CI) | p-Value |
| Characteristic | ||||
| Gosner stage | 1.20 (1.14–1.26) | < 0.0001 | 1.18 (1.13–1.24) | < 0.0001 |
| Genus (Rana vs. Hyla) | 2.01 (1.04–3.91) | 0.04 | — | — |
| Proximity to pollution sources | ||||
| Agriculture (nearby or adjacent) | 3.08 (1.96–4.85) | < 0.0001 | 2.26 (1.42–3.58) | < 0.001 |
| Septic system or lawn adjacent | 2.06 (1.34–3.19) | < 0.001 | — | — |
| Water-quality measures | ||||
| Conductivity (μS) | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | 0.46 | — | — |
| Dissolved oxygen (mg/L) | 1.14 (1.06–1.23) | < 0.001 | — | — |
| Temperature (°C) | 1.05 (0.98–1.13) | 0.14 | — | — |
| Total nitrogen (mg/L) | 1.22 (0.91–1.63) | 0.18 | — | — |
μS, micro-Siemens.
a
Certain variables were removed from the model during backward selection modeling (—; exclusion criteria, p > 0.05).