Table 1. Demographics and questionnaire parameters in the study population.
| Demographics | TBI (n=42) | Non-TBI control (n=45) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years, mean±SD, range | 41.8±15.4, 21 to 79 | 31.8±12.6, 21 to 70 | 0.001* |
| Gender, No. (%) | 0.003* | ||
| Male | 32 (76.2) | 20 (44.4) | |
| Female | 10 (23.8) | 25 (55.6) | |
| Race, No. (%) | 0.007* | ||
| American Indian | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Asian | 0 (0.0) | 11 (24.4) | |
| Black/African American | 9 (21.4) | 3 (6.7) | |
| Other/Multiracial | 4 (9.5) | 3 (6.7) | |
| Hawaiian | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| White/Caucasian | 28 (66.7) | 27 (60.0) | |
| Unknown | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Prefer not to answer | 1 (2.4) | 1 (2.2) | |
| Ethnicity, No. (%) | 0.33 | ||
| Non-Hispanic | 25 (59.5) | 28 (62.2) | |
| Hispanic | 15 (35.7) | 17 (37.8) | |
| Unknown | 2 (4.8) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Severity code, No. (%) | <0.001* | ||
| 0—Non-TBI | 0 (0.0) | 45 (100.0) | |
| 1—Mild | 12 (28.6) | 0 (0.0) | |
| 2—Moderate | 4 (9.5) | 0 (0.0) | |
| 3—Severe | 20 (47.6) | 0 (0.0) | |
| 4—Unclassifiable | 6 (14.3) | 0 (0.0) | |
| PL VPT (log lux), mean±SD, range | 1.5±0.9, 0.0 to 4.2 | 2.4±0.8, 0.3 to 4.3 | <0.001* |
| FL VPT (log lux), mean±SD, range | 1.8±0.9, 0.0 to 4.5 | 2.7±0.8, 0.5 to 4.5 | <0.001* |
| GL VPT (log lux), mean±SD, range | 1.8±1.0, 0.0 to 4.5 | 2.7±0.8, 0.8 to 4.3 | <0.001* |
| PHQ-9, mean±SD, range | 8.6±7.2, 0 to 26 | 3.5±5.0, 0 to 21 | <0.001* |
| PCS-EN, mean±SD, range | 16.7±13.7, 0 to 52 | 7.0±10.1, 0 to 43 | <0.001* |
| SF-12v2, mean±SD, range | |||
| PCS | 47.2±11.8, 21.0 to 64.0 | 50.9±9.4, 24.0 to 62.7 | 0.12 |
| MCS | 44.8±10.3, 26.3 to 65.2 | 49.3±11.1, 19.1 to 65.0 | 0.06 |
| BTACT Z-scores, mean±SD, range | |||
| Word list recall | −0.4±0.9, −1.8 to 3.2 | 0.4±1.0, −1.8 to 2.8 | <0.001* |
| Digits span backward | −0.2±1.1, −2.3 to 1.3 | 0.2±0.9, −0.9 to 2.0 | 0.05* |
| Number series | −0.3±1.1, −2.1 to 1.1 | 0.3±0.8, −2.0 to 1.1 | 0.001* |
| Category fluency | −0.2±0.9, −2.2 to 1.6 | 0.1±1.1, −1.7 to 3.8 | 0.17 |
| Backward counting | 0.0±1.1, −3.3 to 3.0 | 0.0±0.9, −2.6 to 1.8 | 0.96 |
| Composite | −0.3±1.1, −2.9 to 2.5 | 0.3±0.9, −1.8 to 2.4 | 0.005* |
SF-12v2, a health survey measuring physical and mental health whose domains contribute to PCS and MCS scores.
Significance (p<0.05) denoted by *.
BTACT, Brief Test of Adult Cognition by Telephone; FL, FL-41 lens; GL, grey-filtering lens; MCS, Mental Component Summary; PCS, Physical Component Summary; PCS-EN, Pain Catastrophizing Scale; PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire-9; PL, plano lens; SF-12v2, Short-Form 12-Item Survey-version 2; TBI, traumatic brain injury; VPT, visual photosensitivity threshold.