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. 2026 Apr 13;13(4):457. doi: 10.3390/bioengineering13040457
Input: Spatial domain Ω, field parameters θ, inclusion regions Ωincl, noise level σ
Output: Reconstructed field u^(x), evaluation metrics (RMSE, PSNR, SSIM)
Procedure:
  •       1. 

    Initialize domain and field:

     Define ΩR (d = 2,3): generate field u(x)=f(x;θ)

  •       2. 

    Apply geometric modeling:

     Define ΩinclΩ: introduce heterogeneous inclusions

  •       3. 

    Generate multimodal fields:

     Simulate Gaussian, wave-based, and stepwise patterns

  •       4. 

    (Optional) Construct 3D volume:

     Define ΩB: generate activations using Gaussian model

  •       5. 

    Add noise:

    ηx~N0,σ2: compute ũ(x)=u(x)+η(x)

  •       6. 

    Initialize network:

     Define CNN Nθ mapping ũ(x)u^(x)

  •       7. 

    Define loss function:

    L(θ)=λdNθ(x)u(x)2+λpR(Nθ(x))2+λbB(Nθ(x))g(x)2

  •       8. 

    Train model:

     For each epoch: forward pass → compute L → backpropagate → update θ (Adam)

     Repeat until convergence

  •       9. 

    Reconstruction and analysis:

     Obtain u^(x): extract structural/functional patterns

  •       10. 

    Evaluate performance:

     Compute RMSE, PSNR, SSIM across all scenarios

End Algorithm