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. 2026 Apr 14;13(4):544. doi: 10.3390/children13040544
FEV1 Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 s
FEV1/FVC The ratio of FEV1 to Forced Vital Capacity
FEF25–75% Forced Expiratory Flow between 25% and 75% of vital capacity
FEFmax Maximal Forced Expiratory Flow
PEF Peak Expiratory Flow
VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds
EBC Exhaled Breath Condensate
GC-MS Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry
LC-MS Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry
IL Interleukin
TNF-α Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
IFN-γ Interferon-gamma
FeNO Fractional exhaled Nitric Oxide
TSLP Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin
GINA Global Initiative for Asthma
NICE National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
NMR Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
PLS-DA Partial Least-Squares Discriminant Analysis
SERS Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering
DNA Deoxyribonucleic
RNA Ribonucleic Acid