ACLF	Acute-on-chronic liver failure
AIEC	Adherent-invasive Escherichia coli
AMR	Antimicrobial resistance
APC	Antigen-presenting cells
ARGs	Antibiotic resistance genes
AUD	Alcohol Use Disorder
BAM	Bacteriophage Adherence to Mucus
BT	Bacterial Translocation
CAID	Cirrhosis-associated immune dysfunction
CARS	Compensatory Anti-Inflammatory Response Syndrome
CD	Crohn’s disease
CDI	Clostridioides difficile infection/Clostridium difficile infection
CRKP	Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae
DAI	Disease Activity Index
DSS	Dextran sulfate sodium
FMT	Fecal microbiota transplantation
FXR	Farnesoid X Receptor
GALT	Gut-associated lymphoid tissue
GI	Gastrointestinal
GMP	Good Manufacturing Practice
GWAS	Genome-wide association studies
HE	Hepatic Encephalopathy
HGT	Horizontal Gene Transfer
IBD	Inflammatory bowel disease
IFN-γ	Interferon-gamma
ISGs	Interferon-stimulated genes
IV	Intravenous
JAK	Janus kinase
LPS	Lipopolysaccharides (endotoxins)
MDR	Multidrug-resistant
NAFLD	Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
NK (cells)	Natural killer (cells)
PAMPs	Pathogen-associated molecular patterns
PD	Pharmacodynamics
PK	Pharmacokinetics
PPIs	Proton pump inhibitors
PRRs	Pattern recognition receptors
PTCD	Percutaneous transhepatic cholangial drainage
RCTs	Randomized controlled trials
RES	Reticuloendothelial system
R-M (systems)	Restriction-modification (systems)
ROS	Reactive oxygen species
RUT	Rapid urease test
SBP	Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
SCFA	Short-chain fatty acid
SDS-PAGE	Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
SIBO	Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth
SIRS	Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome
SOC	Standard of care
TLR	Toll-like receptors
UC	Ulcerative colitis
VE-cadherin	Vascular endothelial cadherin
ZO-1	Zonula Occludens-1