The lipid- and receptor-binding regions in apoE4 fragments act in concert to cause mitochondrial dysfunction, as determined by MitoTracker Deep Red 633 staining and flow cytometry. (a) Effects of various forms of apoE4, expressed at similar levels, on mitochondrial function and integrity. (b) Effect on mitochondrial function and integrity depends on expression levels of apoE4 fragments, as measured by fluorescence intensity (FI) of GFP. Values are given as mean ± SD of three to six assays. *, P < 0.05 vs. WT apoE4, E4(171-272), and E4(1-272)-3A. E4(1-272)-3A, apoE4(1-272) with a triple mutation in the receptor-binding region.