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. 2026 Mar 31;11(4):e00668-25. doi: 10.1128/msphere.00668-25

Fig 2.

Metabolic pathway diagram showing GAS therapeutic targets via glucose metabolism. Depicts intervention strategies targeting bacterial scavenging pathways, redox balance, ATP production and metabolic enzymes to suppress virulence while reducing resistance.

Therapeutic strategies targeting metabolic vulnerabilities of GAS. The essential link between metabolism and virulence reveals actionable targets for novel anti-infective approaches. Strategic bacterial targets (dark red boxes) include scavenging pathway and metabolic enzymes. Other strategies (pink boxes), including disrupting bacterial redox balance and ATP production, or targeting host processes such as limiting host lactose generation or enhancing the production of bacterial metabolic inhibitors, may suppress virulence while reducing selective pressure for drug resistance. Created in BioRender.com.