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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2026 Apr 29.
Published in final edited form as: IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 2026 Apr;73(4):1679–1693. doi: 10.1109/TBME.2025.3613471

TABLE V.

Computational costs of all Models.

Index Methods Num. of parameters GFLOPs Memory usage (bytes)
Previous 1 1D-VGG-16 [6] (PPG only) 1,626,403 2.36G 6,536,192
2 1D-VGG-16 [6] (four channels) 1,626,691 2.38G 6,537,216
3 2D DenseNet [8] (2D TFS) 221,303 19.33G 927,744
Ours (1D-Bi-GRU) 5 PPG only 110,696 0.75G 458,240
4 HR only
6 PPG + ACC 113,832 0.77G 470,528
7 HR + ACC
9 HR + magHR
8 PPG + HR
10 HR + magHR + ACC 117,008 0.83G 483,328
11 PPG + HR + ACC
12 PPG + HR + ACC + magHR (best model) 120,224 0.89G 496,128