Table 4.
Exploratory comparisons of PSQI scores across demographic and behavioral subgroups.
| Variable | Grouping | N | Mean | SD | t/F | p | LSD |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | Male | 225 | 5.12 | 3.41 | −2.661 | 0.008 | |
| Female | 319 | 5.90 | 3.36 | ||||
| Do you watch short videos within an hour before sleep? | Yes | 454 | 5.76 | 3.37 | 2.772 | 0.006 | |
| No | 90 | 4.68 | 3.40 | ||||
| Grade | Freshman | 288 | 5.18 | 3.30 | 3.214 | 0.023 | Freshman < Sophomore < Junior |
| Sophomore | 135 | 5.99 | 3.30 | ||||
| Junior | 77 | 6.30 | 3.99 | ||||
| Senior | 44 | 5.68 | 2.89 | ||||
| Major | Liberal Arts | 57 | 5.86 | 3.04 | 7.238 | <0.001 | Science and Engineering < Liberal Arts < Arts and Physical Education |
| Science and Engineering | 181 | 4.68 | 3.12 | ||||
| Arts and Physical Education | 297 | 6.10 | 3.51 | ||||
| Business and Management | 9 | 4.56 | 3.57 | ||||
| Average daily short video watching time | Less than 1 h | 61 | 4.62 | 2.97 | 6.649 | <0.001 | Less than 1 h and 1–3 h < 3–5 h and more than 5 h |
| 1–3 h | 269 | 5.23 | 3.28 | ||||
| 3–5 h | 146 | 6.03 | 3.29 | ||||
| More than 5 ours | 68 | 6.82 | 3.99 | ||||
| Interaction with short videos | Only watching | 262 | 5.13 | 3.40 | 3.25 | 0.022 | Only watching < Liking/Saving |
| Liking/Saving | 251 | 5.94 | 3.22 | ||||
| Commenting | 9 | 6.22 | 4.66 | ||||
| Filming and publishing | 22 | 6.59 | 4.22 | ||||
| Requency of drinking coffee, tea, or functional drinks | Never drink | 115 | 4.50 | 3.04 | 6.838 | <0.001 | Never drink < Occasionally drink < Drink frequently/Drink daily/Drink several cups daily |
| Occasionally drink | 360 | 5.67 | 3.30 | ||||
| Drink frequently | 58 | 6.64 | 3.56 | ||||
| Drink daily | 7 | 7.43 | 5.32 | ||||
| Drink several cups daily | 4 | 10.00 | 6.06 | ||||
| Is there a mandatory light-off time in the dormitory? | Yes | 96 | 5.67 | 3.54 | 0.278 | 0.781 | |
| No | 448 | 5.56 | 3.37 | ||||
| Place of origin | City | 103 | 5.39 | 3.17 | 0.426 | 0.653 | |
| Town | 142 | 5.78 | 3.58 | ||||
| Rural | 299 | 5.55 | 3.39 | ||||
| Monthly allowance | Less than 1,000 | 72 | 5.17 | 3.60 | 2.32 | 0.056 | |
| 1,000–1,500 | 316 | 5.46 | 3.21 | ||||
| 1,500–2000 | 124 | 5.72 | 3.36 | ||||
| 2000–3,000 | 24 | 6.79 | 3.28 | ||||
| More than 3,000 | 8 | 8.13 | 7.12 | ||||
| Relationship status | Single | 422 | 5.49 | 3.37 | 0.608 | 0.545 | |
| In a relationship | 116 | 5.87 | 3.39 | ||||
| Married | 6 | 6.00 | 5.55 | ||||
| Social type | Socially anxious | 161 | 5.44 | 3.49 | 1.094 | 0.336 | |
| Sometimes extroverted | 346 | 5.56 | 3.19 | ||||
| Social butterfly | 37 | 6.35 | 4.64 | ||||
| Short video platforms | Douyin | 443 | 5.61 | 3.34 | 1.998 | 0.077 | |
| Kuaishou | 27 | 4.85 | 4.15 | ||||
| WeChat Video Channel | 8 | 4.63 | 3.34 | ||||
| Bilibili | 38 | 4.79 | 2.87 | ||||
| Xiaohongshu | 25 | 7.12 | 3.88 | ||||
| Other | 3 | 7.33 | 4.62 |
Higher PSQI scores indicate poorer sleep quality. Independent-samples t tests were used for dichotomous variables and one-way ANOVAs were used for variables with three or more groups. These subgroup comparisons are exploratory and should be interpreted cautiously because multiple tests were conducted and several categories had relatively small sample sizes.