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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2026 Apr 29.
Published before final editing as: J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2026 Apr 14:10.1038/s41370-026-00891-6. doi: 10.1038/s41370-026-00891-6

Table 4. Odds Ratios (ORs) and 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) for Associations between Non-Targeted PFAS Measures in Dried Blood Spots and Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) in Los Angeles County, California (2000–2015).

Models were fit using a generalized linear model, with inverse-probability weighting and survey design-based standard errors. All models included maternal age at birth (< 25, ≥ 25 & < 35, ≥ 35 years) and insurance type used to pay for delivery of child (public, private, other). Quartiles are based on the distribution of controls. PFAS were modeled continuously in the mutually adjusted models (n=86, p-value=0.10); C5HF9O3 and C13H2F24O2 were excluded due to collinearity.

Single PFAS Models Mutually Adjusted PFAS Model
Chemical (pg/g dried blood) n OR 95% CI p-value OR 95% CI
Continuous
Log2 C4HF7O3 294 1.24 0.90, 1.71 0.32 5.04 1.08, 23.63
Log2 C4HF9O4S 289 1.06 0.84, 1.34 0.69 0.81 0.28, 2.36
Log2 C5HF9O3 268 1.27 0.91, 1.77 0.27
Log2 C9H2F16O2 265 1.26 0.86, 1.86 0.38 0.33 0.08, 1.39
Log2 C14H2F26O2 207 1.60 0.98, 2.62 0.21 1.96 0.12, 33.30
Log2 C15H2F28O2 196 1.51 0.89, 2.56 0.26 1.19 0.02, 80.30
Log2 C13H2F24O2 175 0.99 0.51, 1.93 0.99
Log2 C10HF19O5 172 1.23 0.96, 1.57 0.25 1.80 0.59, 5.53
Log2 C16H8Cl2F6N2O2S 292 1.17 0.82, 1.69 0.39 0.87 0.22, 3.43
Categorical
C4HF7O3 0.87
 507.2 – 13559.8 71 --- ---
 13559.8 – 25823.6 70 1.23 0.30, 5.07
 25823.7 – 43834.6 80 1.56 0.35, 6.92
 43834.7 – 495276.0 73 1.79 0.38, 8.41
C4HF9O4S 0.36
 2214.7 – 60204.0 77 --- ---
 60204.1 – 119837.9 76 1.62 0.36, 7.29
 119838.0 – 215860.5 73 3.17 0.77, 13.10
 215860.6 – 3529999.0 63 1.04 0.23, 4.75
C5HF9O3 0.57
 160.9 – 6845.5 65 --- ---
 6845.6 – 12058.0 68 0.85 0.17, 4.19
 12058.1 – 22277.3 74 2.03 0.47, 8.67
 22277.4 – 195076.1 61 1.24 0.29, 5.39
C9H2F16O2 0.64
 3391.8 – 14742.4 66 --- ---
 14742.5 – 23662.7 71 0.53 0.13, 2.23
 23662.8 – 37135.2 67 0.83 0.18, 3.87
 37135.3 – 426198.9 61 1.28 0.32, 5.05
C14H2F26O2 0.18
 2603.3 – 23780.0 42 --- ---
 23780.1 – 32951.8 46 4.90 0.77, 31.19
 32951.9 – 46174.8 56 5.57 0.86, 36.07
 46174.9 – 275222.0 63 5.94 0.90, 39.35
C15H2F28O2 0.56
 2201.0 – 20623.3 45 --- ---
 20623.4 – 29365.7 45 1.75 0.37, 8.32
 29365.8 – 39471.4 46 2.94 0.63, 13.81
 39471.5 – 143211.9 60 1.79 0.37, 8.72
C13H2F24O2 0.89
 10734.8 – 29827.9 39 --- ---
 29828.0 – 41803.7 41 2.05 0.31, 13.79
 41803.8 – 53557.5 36 1.11 0.17, 7.11
 53557.6 – 212811.1 59 1.39 0.23, 8.26
C10HF19O5 0.01
 486.6 – 3738.6 45 --- ---
 3738.7– 9440.7 36 0.20 0.02, 1.82
 9440.8 – 25537.5 43 0.41 0.05, 3.55
 25537.6 – 516726.0 48 5.20 1.15, 23.56
C16H8Cl2F6N2O2S 0.28
 3834.0 – 60541.1 68 --- ---
 60541.2 – 119313.6 67 2.20 0.40, 12.01
 119313.7 – 221887.9 84 3.73 0.89, 15.64
 221888.0 – 946875.0 73 1.90 0.46, 7.90