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. 2026 Apr 15;17:1799303. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2026.1799303

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Copyright © 2026 Semenzato, Dell’Olmo, Raio, Serratore, Fodil, Ragosta and Sigillo.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Panel A shows a healthy young seedling. Panel B displays seedlings in soil with dark little spots. Panel C focuses on the upper stem with large dark spots. Panel D presents a wilted seedling. Panel E has two sub-images: the upper image shows a seedling with wilted lower leaves, while the lower image depicts a seedling with severely drooping leaves lying on the soil. — Disease scale adopted for multiple infection experiments on tomato plants. (A) level 0, no symptoms; (B) level 1, dark spot of 1 mm; (C) level 2, dark spot more than 1 mm; (D) level 3, petiole wilting; (E) level 4, leaf or whole plant wilting.