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. 2026 Apr 15;17:1799303. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2026.1799303

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Copyright © 2026 Semenzato, Dell’Olmo, Raio, Serratore, Fodil, Ragosta and Sigillo.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Bar chart with two panels labeled A and B, comparing four bacterial strains: 1N3, 2N5, 3N1, and M71 (positive control). Panel A shows M71 has the highest percent siderophore units, followed by 1N3, 2N5, and 3N1. Panel B shows swimming and swarming colony diameters in centimeters, with M71 and 1N3 exhibiting significantly larger diameters than 2N5 and 3N1. Error bars and statistical group letters are displayed on each bar. — (A) Siderophore production expressed in percent siderophore units and (B) swimming and swarming abilities expressed as mean values of colony diameter (in cm). Error bars represent standard error with different letters indicating statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) based on one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s HSD post hoc test (or Kruskal–Wallis with Dunn’s post hoc test if normality and homogeneity of variances assumptions were not met).