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. 2025 Nov 25;76(1):117–136. doi: 10.1007/s11881-025-00354-x

Table 2.

Pearson correlation coefficients between measures (N = 515)

Variable 1 2 3 4 5
1. Phonological Awareness -
2. Rapid Naming − 0.20 -
3. Letter Knowledge 0.40 − 0.27 -
4. Morphological Awareness 0.35 − 0.29 0.34 -
5. Word-Reading Fluency Grade 1 0.47 − 0.33 0.43 0.29 -
6. Word-Reading Fluency Grade 4 0.22 − 0.34 0.41 0.29 0.56

Note. All correlations significant at p <.001 (2-tailed). For rapid naming, negative correlations indicate faster naming speed associated with better performance