Skip to main content
. 2025 Nov 25;76(1):117–136. doi: 10.1007/s11881-025-00354-x

Table 4.

Prediction of dyslexia pathways based on kindergarten language-related measures

Kindergarten Measures OR b SE Wald p 95%CI
Late-emerging Dyslexia (n = 34)
Phonological Awareness 1.47 0.39 0.50 0.60 0.438 [0.56, 3.89]
Letter Knowledge 2.89 1.06 0.49 4.78 0.029 [1.12, 7.47]
Rapid Naming 2.16 0.77 0.46 2.85 0.092 [0.88, 5.31]
Morphological Awareness 6.21 1.83 0.43 18.07 < 0.001 [2.68, 14.42]
Resolving Dyslexia (n = 35)
Phonological Awareness 5.28 1.66 0.40 16.97 < 0.001 [2.39, 11.65]
Letter Knowledge 3.19 1.16 0.47 6.24 0.012 [1.28, 7.94]
Rapid Naming 2.20 0.79 0.45 3.07 0.080 [0.91, 5.34]
Morphological Awareness 1.32 0.28 0.56 0.25 0.619 [0.44, 3.99]
Persistent Dyslexia (n = 38)
Phonological Awareness 3.00 1.10 0.42 6.87 0.009 [1.32, 6.82]
Letter Knowledge 6.47 1.87 0.41 20.59 < 0.001 [2.89, 14.50]
Rapid Naming 3.10 1.13 0.42 7.22 0.007 [1.36, 7.08]
Morphological Awareness 2.04 0.72 0.49 2.09 0.148 [0.78, 5.39]

Note. Reference group = typically developing readers. 95% CIs for significant predictors all exceed 1.0