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. 2026 Apr 29;25(3):41. doi: 10.1007/s10237-026-02064-8

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© The Author(s) 2026

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Fig. 3 — Evolution equation of the volume fraction of blood $ε^{b}$ (see Eqs. 16 and 17). Its behavior depends on the initial volume fraction of blood (here $ε_{0}^{b} = 0.1$ ), the determinant of the deformation gradient J, the pressure of air $p^{a}$ , the pressure of blood $p^{b}$ and the parameters $k_{J} = - 1 / 3$ and $k_{p} = - 2 / 3$ determining the deformation dependence (shown in green) and pressure dependence (shown in red)