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. 2026 Apr 29;25(3):41. doi: 10.1007/s10237-026-02064-8

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© The Author(s) 2026

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 6 — Simulation results: (a)–(d) show the results at end-inspiration, after 2.5 s: (a) depicts the pressure in the respiratory part in reference configuration, (b) the pressure in the circulatory part in reference configuration, (c) the displacements (scaled by a factor of two for better visibility, with the dashed white line indicating the initial configuration), and (d) the volume fraction of blood in reference configuration (where the dashed line indicates that below this line the pressure of air exceeded the pressure of blood); (e) compares the partial pressure of oxygen (upper plot) and carbon dioxide (lower plot) between the artery inlet and the venous end and (f) shows the average length of all reduced dimensional elements during the entire breathing cycle