. 2026 Apr 13;26:771. doi: 10.1186/s12903-026-08221-w

Table 3.

Gene expression in DPSCs at day 14 of exposure to ODM and low and high doses of Metformin

RUNX2 (FC)	ODM	Metformin 500 µM	Metformin 1000 µM	p-value
RUNX2 (FC)	0.97 ± 0.16^b	3.47 ± 0.42 ^a/c	1.13 ± 0.16^/b	0.0001
DMP1 (FC)	1.07 ± 0.18^b	3.23 ± 0.32^a/c	1.20 ± 0.21^b	0.0001
BMP2 (FC)	1.10 ± 0.18^b	3.68 ± 0.48^a/c	1.14 ± 0.13^a/b	0.0001

Mean ± SD values of ALP activity at day 3 and day 7 are presented for all experimental groups. One-way ANOVA showed significant differences across groups at both time points (p = 0.0001)

Superscript letters denote statistically significant pairwise comparisons versus ODM (a), low dose of Metformin (b), and high dose of Metformin (c)

Abbreviations: ODM Osteogenic differentiation medium, DPSCs Dental pulp-derived mesenchymal stem cells, ODM Osteogenic differentiation medium, RUNX2 Runt-related transcription factor 2, DMP1 Dentin matrix acidic phosphoprotein 2, BMP2 Bone morphogenetic protein 1, FC Fold change