Table 2.

Cross-sectional associations between violence exposure score at age 8 years and mental health problems at age 8 years

	Total CBCL Score			Internalizing CBCL Score			Externalizing CBCL Score
	B (95% CI)	SE	p	B (95% CI)	SE	p	B (95% CI)	SE	p
Unadjusted
Total violence exposure	0.58 (0.41, 0.74)	0.08	<0.001	0.43 (0.28, 0.58)	0.08	<0.001	0.53 (0.39, 0.68)	0.07	<0.001
Witnessed community violence	0.64 (0.38, 0.91)	0.13	<0.001	0.61 (0.38, 0.83)	0.11	<0.001	0.59 (0.35, 0.83)	0.12	<0.001
Community victimization	0.70 (−0.05, 1.44)	0.38	0.068	0.68 (0.08, 1.29)	0.31	0.027	0.74 (0.09, 1.39)	0.33	0.026
Witnessed domestic violence	1.90 (0.92, 2.88)	0.50	<0.001	1.38 (0.54, 2.22)	0.43	0.001	1.64 (0.76, 2.51)	0.45	<0.001
Domestic victimization	0.86 (0.54, 1.19)	0.16	<0.001	0.47 (0.16, 0.77)	0.15	0.003	0.79 (0.51, 1.08)	0.14	<0.001
Polyvictimisation	1.65 (0.84, 2.47)	0.41	<0.001	0.81 (0.14, 1.48)	0.34	0.018	1.55 (0.85, 2.24)	0.35	<0.001
Adjusted (confounders)
Total violence exposure	0.51 (0.35, 0.68)	0.08	<0.001	0.34 (0.18, 0.49)	0.08	<0.001	0.48 (0.33, 0.62)	0.08	<0.001
Witnessed community violence	0.54 (0.25, 0.84)	0.15	<0.001	0.38 (0.13, 0.63)	0.13	0.003	0.49 (0.23, 0.76)	0.14	<0.001
Community victimization	0.53 (−0.19, 1.25)	0.37	0.151	0.49 (−0.07, 1.06)	0.29	0.085	0.58 (−0.05, 1.22)	0.32	0.072
Witnessed domestic violence	1.56 (0.57, 2.54)	0.50	0.002	0.99 (0.18, 1.79)	0.41	0.017	1.32 (0.44, 2.19)	0.45	0.003
Domestic victimization	0.94 (0.61, 1.26)	0.17	<0.001	0.55 (0.25, 0.85)	0.15	<0.001	0.87 (0.58, 1.15)	0.14	<0.001
Polyvictimisation	1.47 (0.63, 2.31)	0.43	0.001	0.58 (−0.09, 1.24)	0.34	0.089	1.42 (0.72, 2.12)	0.36	<0.001
Adjusted (confounders and CBCL total score at age 3.5 years)
Total violence exposure	0.49 (0.32, 0.66)	0.09	<0.001	0.32 (0.17, 0.47)	0.08	<0.001	0.46 (0.31, 0.61)	0.08	<0.001
Witnessed community violence	0.49 (0.19, 0.79)	0.15	0.001	0.34 (0.09, 0.59)	0.13	0.008	0.45 (0.18, 0.72)	0.14	0.001
Community victimization	0.47 (−0.25, 1.20)	0.37	0.203	0.45 (−0.11, 1.02)	0.29	0.116	0.54 (−0.10, 1.18)	0.32	0.096
Witnessed domestic violence	1.51 (0.53, 2.50)	0.50	0.003	0.95 (0.14, 1.77)	0.41	0.021	1.28 (0.41, 2.16)	0.45	0.004
Domestic victimization	0.91 (0.58, 1.23)	0.17	<0.001	0.53 (0.23, 0.83)	0.15	0.001	0.84 (0.56, 1.13)	0.14	<0.001
Polyvictimisation	1.42 (0.58, 2.26)	0.43	0.001	0.54 (−0.13, 1.20)	0.34	0.112	1.38 (0.68, 2.08)	0.36	<0.001

Note. Based on imputed data (n=974). Robust (Huber-White) SEs were used to address some heteroscedasticity. Confounders include child sex, child ancestry, monthly family income, maternal education, maternal work status, maternal marital status, maternal prenatal alcohol use and smoking, child HIV exposure status, maternal antenatal depression, and child age at the 8-year CECV assessment.

Key: CBCL=Child Behaviour Checklist; CI=confidence interval.