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. 2026 Apr 20;17:1787938. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2026.1787938

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Copyright © 2026 Fu, Li, Miao, Mai, Lu, Xiao, Kuang and Guo.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Experimental design diagram displaying three groups of twelve pregnant mares and their foals: bi-monthly TSPSS supplementation group (GY), base diet group (NC), and monthly TSPSS supplementation group (MY), each with four mares and foals. The timeline illustrates feeding and sample collection intervals for mares at 65, 185, and 305 days, and for foals at birth, 30, and 90 days. Blood collection and serum hormone testing occur based on mare group. Symbols illustrate groups: circle for MY, square for GY, and triangle for NC. — Flow chart of experimental design and sampling timeline.