Table 2.
Comparison of existing MIMO antennas with the proposed antenna.
| Ref., Year | Antenna Size (λg × λg) | Bands (GHz) | BW (MHz) | Iso. (dB) | Gain (dBi) | ECC | CCL (bps/Hz) | Profile/Volume | Fabrication Complexity | Vehicular/Housing Validation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
9, 2024 |
1.1 × 1.1 | 3.5/5.9 | 500/1200 | > 22 | 3.9/4.8 | 0.006 | NA | Planar, single-layer (0.8 mm) | Moderate (strips + DGS) | No |
|
20, 2018 |
2.14 × 1.16 | 3.5/5.9 | 450/1080 | > 12 | NA | < 0.15 | NA | Large, high-profile array (0.8 mm) | High (8 × 8, parasitic, DGS) | No |
|
26, 2023 |
1.22 × 1.22 | 3.5/5.9 | 870/1320 | > 19 | 1.2/3.2 | < 0.002 | 0.4 | Planar (0.8 mm) | Moderate (geometry optimization) | No |
|
27, 2023 |
0.68 × 0.68 | 3.5/5.9 | 910/2240 | > 23 | 2.4/4.5 | < 0.064 | 0.06 | Planar (0.8 mm) | Moderate (stubs + DGS) | No |
| Prop. | 0.95 × 0.95 | 3.5/5.9 | 680/670 | > 20 | 3.6/4.7 | < 0.03 | 0.1 | Low-profile, single-layer (0.13 mm) | Low (no vias/SIW/CSRR/NL) | Yes (housing + vehicle rooftop CAD) |