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. 2026 Apr 28;21(1):e12. doi: 10.22037/iej.v21i1.48350

Figure 13.

Figure 13

Leave-one-out sensitivity analyses illustrating the influence of individual studies on the pooled standardized mean difference (SMD) estimates under the random-effects DerSimonian–Laird model. Each plot represents the pooled effect size recalculated after sequential omission of a single study. The consistency of results across omission scenarios indicates that the overall findings were robust and not disproportionately influenced by any individual study (95% CI).