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. 2026 May 4;36:15. doi: 10.1186/s12610-026-00313-5

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© The Author(s) 2026

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Flow chart of patient selection and study methodology. (Legend: The diagram illustrates the retrospective evaluation of 650 patients with acute scrotal pain. It details the exclusion of 277 patients. It also categorises the remaining 373 patients. These patients are categorised into the following groups: testicular torsion (TT), epididymorchitis (EO), and non-specific scrotal pain. Abbreviations: CDUS: Colour Doppler Ultrasonography; EO: Epididymorchitis; TT: Testicular Torsion.)