Table 1.
Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of patients stratified by ACAG levels
| ACAG (< 12) | ACAG (12–20) | ACAG (> 20) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 836 | N = 3674 | N = 496 | ||
| Age | 68.0 [61.0;76.0] | 70.0 [61.0;78.0] | 70.0 [59.0;78.0] | <0.001 |
| Body Mass Index | 27.7 [24.4;31.4] | 28.1 [24.8;32.2] | 28.1 [24.4;32.0] | 0.029 |
| Insurance: | <0.001 | |||
| Medicaid | 65 (7.78%) | 341 (9.28%) | 63 (12.7%) | |
| Medicare | 444 (53.1%) | 2153 (58.6%) | 304 (61.3%) | |
| Other | 26 (3.11%) | 86 (2.34%) | 6 (1.21%) | |
| Private | 301 (36.0%) | 1094 (29.8%) | 123 (24.8%) | |
| Race: | 0.007 | |||
| Asian | 13 (1.56%) | 64 (1.74%) | 9 (1.81%) | |
| Black | 27 (3.23%) | 118 (3.21%) | 21 (4.23%) | |
| Hispanic | 17 (2.03%) | 105 (2.86%) | 14 (2.82%) | |
| Other | 225 (26.9%) | 1095 (29.8%) | 183 (36.9%) | |
| White | 554 (66.3%) | 2292 (62.4%) | 269 (54.2%) | |
| Marital status: | <0.001 | |||
| Divorced | 59 (7.06%) | 301 (8.19%) | 44 (8.87%) | |
| Married | 585 (70.0%) | 2230 (60.7%) | 275 (55.4%) | |
| Single | 139 (16.6%) | 720 (19.6%) | 106 (21.4%) | |
| Widowed | 53 (6.34%) | 423 (11.5%) | 71 (14.3%) | |
| Gender: | <0.001 | |||
| Female | 197 (23.6%) | 1133 (30.8%) | 189 (38.1%) | |
| Male | 639 (76.4%) | 2541 (69.2%) | 307 (61.9%) | |
| Urea nitrogen | 14.3 [11.5;18.0] | 17.0 [13.0;22.5] | 27.0 [18.5;45.4] | <0.001 |
| Creatinine | 0.85 [0.70;1.00] | 0.93 [0.75;1.20] | 1.43 [0.95;2.35] | <0.001 |
| Hemoglobin | 10.6 [9.60;11.6] | 10.5 [9.40;11.8] | 10.4 [9.15;11.9] | 0.214 |
| Red blood cells | 3.49 [3.12;3.84] | 3.47 [3.12;3.90] | 3.48 [3.04;4.01] | 0.796 |
| Platelet count | 146 [123;178] | 164 [132;207] | 182 [131;248] | <0.001 |
| Sodium | 138 [136;140] | 138 [136;140] | 138 [135;140] | 0.065 |
| Chloride | 107 [105;109] | 106 [103;108] | 103 [99.0;107] | <0.001 |
| Glucose | 118 [105;132] | 122 [107;141] | 144 [117;194] | <0.001 |
| Potassium | 4.30 [4.10;4.55] | 4.30 [4.05;4.60] | 4.30 [3.95;4.77] | 0.911 |
| White blood cells | 11.9 [9.46;14.7] | 12.3 [9.68;15.5] | 13.3 [9.70;17.0] | <0.001 |
| GCS score | 15.0 [14.0;15.0] | 15.0 [14.0;15.0] | 15.0 [14.0;15.0] | 0.694 |
| SOFA score | 4.00 [3.00;6.00] | 5.00 [3.00;7.00] | 7.00 [4.00;10.0] | <0.001 |
| SAPSII score | 32.0 [25.0;39.2] | 35.0 [28.0;42.0] | 42.0 [34.0;53.0] | <0.001 |
| Heart rate | 79.5 [73.5;84.7] | 80.3 [73.8;88.1] | 85.1 [74.9;95.3] | <0.001 |
| Respiratory rate | 17.4 [15.8;19.0] | 17.9 [16.2;20.0] | 19.5 [17.3;22.0] | <0.001 |
| Spo2 | 97.6 [96.5;98.6] | 97.6 [96.4;98.6] | 97.0 [95.6;98.5] | <0.001 |
| AKI: | <0.001 | |||
| No | 239 (28.6%) | 944 (25.7%) | 83 (16.7%) | |
| Yes | 597 (71.4%) | 2730 (74.3%) | 413 (83.3%) | |
| CKD: | <0.001 | |||
| No | 743 (88.9%) | 3009 (81.9%) | 347 (70.0%) | |
| Yes | 93 (11.1%) | 665 (18.1%) | 149 (30.0%) | |
| Heart failure: | <0.001 | |||
| No | 660 (78.9%) | 2343 (63.8%) | 188 (37.9%) | |
| Yes | 176 (21.1%) | 1331 (36.2%) | 308 (62.1%) | |
| Myocardial infarction: | <0.001 | |||
| No | 647 (77.4%) | 2734 (74.4%) | 318 (64.1%) | |
| Yes | 189 (22.6%) | 940 (25.6%) | 178 (35.9%) | |
| IHD: | 0.047 | |||
| No | 221 (26.4%) | 872 (23.7%) | 139 (28.0%) | |
| Yes | 615 (73.6%) | 2802 (76.3%) | 357 (72.0%) | |
| Hypertension: | <0.001 | |||
| No | 361 (43.2%) | 1839 (50.1%) | 348 (70.2%) | |
| Yes | 475 (56.8%) | 1835 (49.9%) | 148 (29.8%) | |
| Stroke: | 0.665 | |||
| No | 775 (92.7%) | 3385 (92.1%) | 453 (91.3%) | |
| Yes | 61 (7.30%) | 289 (7.87%) | 43 (8.67%) | |
| COPD: | 0.002 | |||
| No | 761 (91.0%) | 3261 (88.8%) | 420 (84.7%) | |
| Yes | 75 (8.97%) | 413 (11.2%) | 76 (15.3%) | |
| T1DM: | <0.001 | |||
| No | 830 (99.3%) | 3641 (99.1%) | 478 (96.4%) | |
| Yes | 6 (0.72%) | 33 (0.90%) | 18 (3.63%) | |
| T2DM: | <0.001 | |||
| No | 640 (76.6%) | 2447 (66.6%) | 292 (58.9%) | |
| Yes | 196 (23.4%) | 1227 (33.4%) | 204 (41.1%) | |
| Cancer: | 0.624 | |||
| No | 727 (87.0%) | 3173 (86.4%) | 422 (85.1%) | |
| Yes | 109 (13.0%) | 501 (13.6%) | 74 (14.9%) | |
| Ventilation: | <0.001 | |||
| No | 68 (8.13%) | 423 (11.5%) | 79 (15.9%) | |
| Yes | 768 (91.9%) | 3251 (88.5%) | 417 (84.1%) | |
| NSAID Use: | <0.001 | |||
| No | 322 (38.5%) | 1949 (53.0%) | 338 (68.1%) | |
| Yes | 514 (61.5%) | 1725 (47.0%) | 158 (31.9%) | |
| Antihypertensive Use: | 0.002 | |||
| No | 299 (35.8%) | 1309 (35.6%) | 217 (43.8%) | |
| Yes | 537 (64.2%) | 2365 (64.4%) | 279 (56.2%) | |
| Antibiotic Use: | <0.001 | |||
| No | 233 (27.9%) | 1616 (44.0%) | 224 (45.2%) | |
| Yes | 603 (72.1%) | 2058 (56.0%) | 272 (54.8%) | |
| Glucocorticoid Use: | <0.001 | |||
| No | 830 (99.3%) | 3572 (97.2%) | 462 (93.1%) | |
| Yes | 6 (0.72%) | 102 (2.78%) | 34 (6.85%) | |
| Death: | <0.001 | |||
| No | 823 (98.4%) | 3462 (94.2%) | 357 (72.0%) | |
| Yes | 13 (1.56%) | 212 (5.77%) | 139 (28.0%) | |
| Surgery Type: | <0.001 | |||
| Arrhythmia Device | 201 (5.47%) | 32 (3.83%) | 41 (8.27%) | |
| Coronary Artery Surgery | 1542 (42.0%) | 385 (46.1%) | 128 (25.8%) | |
| Other Cardiac Surgery | 1389 (37.8%) | 240 (28.7%) | 276 (55.6%) | |
| Valve Surgery | 542 (14.8%) | 179 (21.4%) | 51 (10.3%) | |
| OS | 28.0 [28.0;28.0] | 28.0 [28.0;28.0] | 28.0 [18.9;28.0] | <0.001 |
| ACAG | 11.0 [10.0;11.5] | 15.2 [13.8;17.0] | 22.5 [21.0;24.5] | <0.001 |
ACAG Albumin-Corrected Anion Gap, BMI Body Mass Index, GCS Glasgow Coma Scale, SOFA Sequential Organ Failure Assessment, SAPSII Simplified Acute Physiology Score II, AKI Acute Kidney Injury, CKD Chronic Kidney Disease, IHD Ischemic Heart Disease, COPD Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, T1DM Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus, T2DM Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, NSAID Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug, OS Overall Survival