Table 3.

Cox regression results showing hazard ratios (HR) for mortality across different ACAG levels, with the reference group being ACAG 12–20 mmol/l

Model	ACAG		ACAG (12–20)	ACAG (< 12)		ACAG (> 20)
	HR (95%CI)	P value		HR (95%CI)	P value	HR (95%CI)	P value
Unadjusted Model	1.225 (1.205–1.246)	< 0.001	Reference	0.264 (0.151–0.462)	< 0.001	5.603 (4.523–6.940)	< 0.001
Model 1	1.220 (1.199–1.242)	< 0.001	Reference	0.292 (0.166–0.511)	< 0.001	5.395 (4.348–6.693)	< 0.001
Model 2	1.193 (1.170–1.216)	< 0.001	Reference	0.332 (0.189–0.582)	< 0.001	4.090 (3.269–5.118)	< 0.001
Model 3	1.181 (1.158–1.204)	< 0.001	Reference	0.355 (0.202–0.624)	< 0.001	3.755 (2.997–4.705)	< 0.001
Model 4	1.094 (1.070–1.120)	< 0.001	Reference	0.473 (0.268–0.833)	0.010	1.947 (1.524–2.486)	< 0.001
Model 5	1.049 (1.024–1.075)	< 0.001	Reference	0.546 (0.309–0.964)	0.037	1.491 (1.151–1.931)	0.002

Unadjusted model: Includes no covariates

Model 1: Adjusts for baseline demographic characteristics, including age, body mass index, gender, race, marital status, and insurance type

Model 2: Further adjusts for comorbidities, including chronic kidney disease, acute kidney injury, heart failure, myocardial infarction, ischemic heart disease, hypertension, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, type 1 diabetes mellitus, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and cancer

Model 3: Includes treatment factors within the first 48 h of ICU admission, including mechanical ventilation, NSAID use, antihypertensive use, antibiotic use, and glucocorticoid use

Model 4: Adds vital signs and clinical scores within the first 48 h, including heart rate, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation (SpO2), Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA), and Simplified Acute Physiology Score II (SAPSII)

Model 5: Further includes laboratory results within the first 48 h, such as blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, hemoglobin, red blood cell count, platelet count, sodium, chloride, glucose, potassium, white blood cell count and surgery type