Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2026 Mar 27;23:151. doi: 10.1186/s12974-026-03780-9

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

© The Author(s) 2026

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

PMC Copyright notice

Fig. 1 — An endogenous population of alternatively activated immature neutrophils emerges in the CNS during EAE. Spinal cord immune cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells were harvested on day 7 post-transfer (p.t.) of encephalitogenic CD4 ⁺ T cells. A-C Cells pooled from 3 mice were analyzed by multiparameter flow cytometry. A t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (tSNE) of pooled neutrophils, identified as viable Ly6G⁺ CD11b⁺ CD45⁺ cells. Spinal cord clusters were manually delineated based on their spatial segregation within the t-SNE map. B Representative histograms showing mean fluorescent intensity (MFI) of the indicated markers across the three identified neutrophil clusters. Gray histograms indicate fluorescence minus one (FMO) controls used to define gating thresholds. C Linear regression analysis depicting the correlation between the total number of Arg1⁺ neutrophils per spinal cord at peak EAE against the area under the clinical disease score curve (AUC) for individual mice. D-G Spinal cord immune cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated from EAE mice at four stages (preclinical, onset, peak, and late) and analyzed by single-cell RNA sequencing (RNAseq). D UMAP visualization of blood-derived (left) and spinal cord-derived (right) neutrophils pooled across all time points. E Heatmap of selected differentially express genes (scaled log2) across the three neutrophil clusters, highlighting markers of neutrophil maturation and alternative activation. F Gene Ontology Biological Process (GO BP) enrichment analysis of Cluster 3 marker genes. G Pie charts showing the relative proportions of circulating (left) and spinal cord-infiltrating (right) neutrophils within each cluster across different stages. H Heatmap of differentially expressed genes comparing blood- and spinal cord- derived neutrophils within cluster 3. I Violin plots comparing Arg1 expression blood- versus spinal cord- derived neutrophils within cluster 3. Data are from 1 experiment representative of two independent experiments with n = 3–5 mice per time point per experiment