Table 2.
Factors associated with CVD-related polypharmacy and factors associated with liver and kidney dysfunction
| Model I (crude polypharmacy) | Model II (adjusted polypharmacy) | Model III (crude kidney) | Model IV (adjusted kidney) | Model V (crude liver) | Model VI (adjusted liver) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CVD polypharmacy (no polypharmacy) | 1.6 [1.45–1.76]* | 1.67 [1.51–1.85]* | 1.08 [0.98–1.18] | 0.99 [0.9–1.09] | ||
| Intercept | 0.11 [0.08–0.16] | 0.06 [0.04–0.09] | 0.13 [0.09–0.18] | 0.16 [0.11–0.22] | 0.68 [0.53–0.86] | 0.65 [0.51–0.84] |
| Age groups, years (18–35) | 1 [1–1] | 1 [1–1] | 1 [1–1] | 1 [1–1] | 1 [1–1] | 1 [1–1] |
| 36–50 | 1.76 [1.23–2.61]* | 1.54 [1.05–2.32]* | 3.54 [2.53–5.1]* | 3.54 [2.53–5.1]* | 0.49 [0.38–0.63]* | 0.48 [0.38–0.62]* |
| 51–59 | 2.75 [1.93–4.03]* | 2.41 [1.66–3.61]* | 7.39 [5.3–10.59]* | 7.26 [5.2–10.41]* | 0.41 [0.32–0.53]* | 0.4 [0.31–0.51]* |
| 60+ | 5.7 [4.04–8.32]* | 4.75 [3.29–7.07]* | 37.83 [27.14–54.15]* | 36.1 [25.86–51.74]* | 0.28 [0.22–0.35]* | 0.27 [0.21–0.34]* |
| Sex (females) | 1.24 [1.15–1.34]* | 1.11 [1.02–1.2]* | 1.18 [1.09–1.29]* | 1.19 [1.1–1.3]* | ||
| Smoking (no smoking) | 1.04 [0.95–1.12] | 0.91 [0.84–0.99]* | 0.95 [0.87–1.03] | |||
| Diabetes (no diabetes) | 5.19 [4.78–5.65]* | 0.8 [0.73–0.89]* | 1.19 [1.08–1.31]* | |||
| Hyperlipidaemia (no hyperlipidaemia) | 0.57 [0.52–0.61]* | 0.83 [0.76–0.91]* | 0.98 [0.9–1.07] | |||
| Hypertension (no hypertension) | 1.91 [1.75–2.07]* | 1.04 [0.95–1.13] | 1.11 [1.02–1.21]* | |||
| CKD (no CKD) | 2.69 [2.25–3.21]* |
Model I (crude polypharmacy): This model examined the association of CVD-related polypharmacy with sex and age. Model II (adjusted polypharmacy): This model examined the association between CVD-related polypharmacy and adjustments expanded to include age, sex, hyperlipidaemia, hypertension, diabetes and smoking status. Model III (crude kidney): This model assessed the association between CVD-related polypharmacy and kidney dysfunction and was adjusted for age and sex. Model IV (adjusted kidney): This model assessed the association between CVD-related polypharmacy and kidney dysfunction and was additionally adjusted for age, sex, hyperlipidaemia, hypertension, diabetes and smoking status. Model V (crude liver): This model assessed the association between CVD-related polypharmacy and liver dysfunction and was additionally adjusted for age and sex. Model VI (adjusted liver): This model assessed the association between CVD-related polypharmacy and liver dysfunction and was additionally adjusted for age, sex, hyperlipidaemia, hypertension, diabetes and smoking status
CKD chronic kidney disease, CVD cardiovascular disease
*Statistically significant (p < 0.05)