Table 2.
Total frequency of park visits and total duration of park visits per season and per year overall and according to health status and year-round visitation, mean (SD)
| Park visit frequency (# of visits) | Low physical health, mean (SD) | High physical health | z-statistic (p-value) | Low mental health | High mental health | z-statistic (p-value) | Low social health | High social health | z-statistic (p-value) | Low Loneliness | High Loneliness | z-statistic (p-value) | Visit less than year round | Visit all year rounda | z-statistic (p-value) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Frequency of visitation in winter | 13.5 (22.5) | 16.6 (23.7) | -1.9 (0.0511) | 14.2 (20.2) | 16.0 (23.9) | 0.3 (0.7972( | 14.3 (23.0) | 16.0 (23.4) | -0.2 (0.8550) | 15.8 (24.1) | 15.6 (21.6) | 0.0 (0.9792) | 6.9 (17.7) | 21.6 (24.8) | -8.9 (< 0.001) | ||
| Frequency of visitation in spring | 8.5 (19.1) | 11.7 (21.4) | -1.9 (0.0509) | 9.3 (18.5) | 11.0 (21.2) | 0.2 (0.8628) | 11.7 (23.7) | 10.6 (20.3) | -0.0 (0.9793) | 11.0 (21.3) | 10.3 (19.6) | 1.0 (0.2994) | 0.1 (0.8) | 17.9 (24.4) | -13.2 (< 0.001) | ||
| Frequency of visitation in summer | 49.3 (81.6) | 61.2 (87.0) | -1.3 (0.2104) | 51.2 (74.5) | 59.1 (87.4) | 0.6 (0.5719) | 18.8 (24.8) | 16.7 (24.1) | 0.8 (0.4152) | 16.7 (24.9) | 17.7 (22.4) | -0.6 (0.5258) | 9.1 (20.4) | 22.2 (25.0) | -8.1 (< 0.001) | ||
| Frequency of visitation in fall | 12.2 (20.6) | 15.3 (22.1) | -2.0 (0.4666) | 11.4 (18.6) | 15.0 (22.2) | -0.5 (0.5874) | 13.6 (23.7) | 14.6 (21.4) | -0.8 (0.4194) | 14.7 (22.6) | 13.9 (19.4) | 0.5 (0.6169) | 5.5 (13.9) | 20.4 (23.9) | -9.3 (< 0.001) | ||
| Frequency of visitation in a year | 49.3 (81.6) | 61.2 (87.0) | -1.8 (0.0671) | 51.2 (74.5) | 59.1 (87.4) | 0.2 (0.8297) | 58.3 (92.2) | 57.8 (84.6) | 0.2 (0.8763) | 58.1 (89.1) | 57.5 (76.3) | -0.0 (0.9918) | 21.6 (50.0) | 82.1 (95.4) | -9.1 (< 0.001) | ||
| Park visit duration (hours) | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total visit time in winter | 8.0 (29.1) | 9.9 (22.6) | -2.3 (0.0199) | 7.4 (15.2) | 9.7 (25.8) | 0.1 (0.944) | 8.1 (17.0) | 9.6 (25.6) | -0.3 (0.7470) | 7.6 (16.0) | 13.9 (38.1) | 0.8 (0.4413) | 0.1 (0.9) | 15.5 (30.2) | -13.1 (< 0.001) | ||
| Total visit time in spring | 17.5 (39.3) | 15.7 (25.2) | -1.7 (0.0834) | 13.5 (18.6) | 16.7 (31.3) | 0.2 (0.8415) | 12.4 (17.4) | 16.8 (31.3) | -0.3 (0.7951) | 14.0 (23.5) | 21.8 (41.2) | -0.2 (0.8245) | 9.1 (26.2) | 21.0 (31.0) | -7.9 (< 0.001) | ||
| Total visit time in summer | 24.7 (62.3) | 20.6 (34.8) | -1.3 (0.1848) | 20.8 (33.1) | 21.9 (45.9) | 0.6 (0.5654) | 23.6 (34.7) | 21.4 (45.6) | 0.8 (0.4274) | 18.6 (40.1) | 29.5 (52.7) | -1.0 (0.3096) | 17.0 (53.0) | 24.8 (37.0) | -7.5 (< 0.001) | ||
| Total visit time in fall | 13.5 (32.1) | 14.4 (24.0) | -2.1 (0.0392) | 9.7 (16.1) | 14.9 (27.8) | -0.7 (0.4811) | 10.3 (17.8) | 14.8 (27.6) | -1.3 (0.2006) | 12.4 (20.5) | 18.5 (37.2) | 0.5 (0.6180) | 6.1 (16.3) | 19.5 (30.3) | -8.7 (< 0.001) | ||
| Total visit time in a year | 63.7 (145.9) | 60.6 (94.4) | -1.8 (0.0663) | 51.4 (72.9) | 63.2 (116.4) | 0.2 (0.8140) | 54.5 (72.1) | 62.6 (116.2) | 0.2 (0.8074) | 52.5 (87.9) | 83.7 (153.0) | -0.3 (0.7404) | 32.3 (89.6) | 80.8 (119.6) | -8.2 (< 0.001) | ||
avisit all four seasons
Significant differences (p<0.05) are bolded