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. 2026 May 7;11(5):aakag044. doi: 10.1093/esj/aakag044

Figure 4.

The single included study shows no significant effect of biomarker-guided antibiotic treatment on SAP incidence compared with standard care, with an overall low risk of bias.

Forest plot and risk-of-bias assessment of biomarker-guided antibiotic treatment for SAP incidence. Risk of bias legend: (A) bias arising from the randomization process, (B) bias due to deviations from intended interventions, (C) bias due to missing outcome data, (D) bias in measurement of the outcome, (E) bias in selection of the reported result, (F) overall bias. Inline graphic High, Inline graphic some concerns, Inline graphic low, Inline graphic No information.