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. 2026 Apr 24;13:1777757. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2026.1777757

Table 2.

Association of nutrition indicators (as continuous variable) and vitamin D deficiency.

Nutrition status indicators Model 1 Model 2 Model 3
OR (95% CI) p-value OR (95% CI) p-value OR (95% CI) p-value
Total protein 0.947 (0.908, 0.985) 0.008 0.940 (0.901, 0.980) 0.004 0.933 (0.891, 0.975) 0.002
Albumin 0.935 (0.866, 1.008) 0.083 0.950 (0.878, 1.027) 0.198 1.067 (0.952, 1.198) 0.267
Prealbumin 0.963 (0.920, 1.008) 0.105 0.965 (0.921, 1.011) 0.133 0.960 (0.960, 1.129) 0.339
BMI 1.105 (0.988, 1.142) 0.077 1.069 (0.994, 1.152) 0.071 1.042 (0.962, 1.130) 0.321
UA 0.999 (0.997, 1.002) 0.717 1.000 (0.997, 1.004) 0.780 1.002 (0.998, 1.005) 0.381
Hb 0.998 (0.983, 1.012) 0.742 1.010 (0.993, 1.028) 0.245 1.010 (0.990, 1.030) 0.331

The results were expressed as OR and 95% CI. Model 1, no confounding factors were adjusted. Model 2, gender was adjusted. Model 3, gender, HbA1c, TG, Cr, OC and total protein were adjusted.

BMI, body mass index; Cr, creatinine; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; Hb, hemoglobin; OC, osteocalcin; TG, triglyceride; UA, uric acid.