Facet joint capsule (FJC) minimum (min) principal strains (
, n=6) (a) during simulated spinal manipulation were within the range that occurred (b) during physiological motions of extension (E), flexion (F), lateral bending (CB=compressive bend; TB=tensile bend), and axial rotations (TA=tensile axial; CA=compressive axial). During SM, FJC strains on both sides of the spine were induced, regardless of whether the manipulation was applied distally or locally (ANOVA, p>.14). **10 Nm pre-torque significantly larger than 0 Nm pre-torque (ANOVA, p<.05).