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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2005 Dec 15.
Published in final edited form as: Spine J. 2005;5(3):277–290. doi: 10.1016/j.spinee.2004.11.006

Fig. 8.

Fig. 8

Facet joint capsule (FJC) minimum (min) principal strains ( E^2, n=6) (a) during simulated spinal manipulation were within the range that occurred (b) during physiological motions of extension (E), flexion (F), lateral bending (CB=compressive bend; TB=tensile bend), and axial rotations (TA=tensile axial; CA=compressive axial). During SM, FJC strains on both sides of the spine were induced, regardless of whether the manipulation was applied distally or locally (ANOVA, p>.14). **10 Nm pre-torque significantly larger than 0 Nm pre-torque (ANOVA, p<.05).