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. 2026 Feb 16;283(5):2873–2883. doi: 10.1007/s00405-025-10000-2

Table 2.

Fixed effects estimates from the linear mixed model predicting pupil size

Predictor Estimate (b) Std. Error (SE) df t-value p
Intercept (NS) 47.96 1.91 449.10 25.14 < 0.001
Trial Number −0.018 0.028 1687.30 −0.64 0.524
12 Channels (12 C) * 26.78 2.09 1686.57 12.79 < 0.001
8 Channels (8 C) * 51.55 2.09 1683.88 24.68 < 0.001
6 Channels (6 C) * 82.50 2.11 1689.09 39.16 < 0.001
4 Channels (4 C) * 87.36 2.09 1687.61 41.89 < 0.001
Random Effects Variance Std.Dev. (SD)
Participant (Intercept) 4.52 2.13
Residual 734.56 27.10
b unstandardized regression coefficient, SE standard error, df degrees of freedom. Number of observations = 1691. Grouping levels: Participant = 20. NS = Normal Speech

Annotation: * indicates that the effect of the variable is significant; a colon between the variables indicates the interaction