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. 2026 Apr 23;9:e80125. doi: 10.2196/80125

Table 2.

Within-group comparisons of key health indicators before and after intervention (paired t tests).

Variable and group Preintervention, mean (SD) Postintervention, mean (SD) t test (df) Changea, marginal mean (95% CI) P value Adjusted P value
DBPb (mm Hg)






CTC12c 80.59 (6.81) 80.36 (6.92) –0.6918 (21) –0.23 (–0.91 to 0.46) .50 .62

TC24d 81.87 (5.52) 81.65 (5.73) –0.7740 (22) 1.26 (–0.80 to 0.37) .45 .62

Square dance 81.09 (6.24) 81.36 (6.18) 1.2396 (21) 0.27 (–0.18 to 0.73) .23 .48

Walking 80.43 (7.04) 79.61 (6.85) –2.7018 (22) –0.82 (–1.46 to –0.19) .01 .13

Control 80.87 (6.06) 80.83 (5.67) –0.2041 (22) –0.04 (–0.49 to 0.40) .84 .84
SBPe (mm Hg)






CTC12 126.18 (7.69) 125.45 (7.25) –2.3470 (21) –0.73 (–1.37 to –0.08) .03 .14

TC24 126.04 (7.74) 125.57 (7.50) –0.7359 (22) –0.47 (–1.83 to 0.87) .47 .62

Square dance 126.05 (6.42) 125.59 (6.53) –1.2076 (21) –0.46 (–1.24 to 0.33) .24 .48

Walking 126.43 (9.85) 126.30 (9.78) –0.3708 (22) –0.13 (–0.86 to 0.40) .71 .79

Control 125.70 (7.78) 125.96 (7.57) 1.3667 (22) 0.26 (–0.13 to 0.66) .19 .48
PPf (mm Hg)






CTC12 45.59 (9.05) 45.09 (9.01) –1.7100 (21) –0.50 (–1.12 to 0.12) .10 .15

TC24 44.17 (8.89) 43.91 (8.54) –0.3800 (22) –0.26 (–1.68 to 1.16) .70 .75

Square dance 44.96 (7.51) 44.23 (7.78) –2.5238 (21) –0.73 (–1.33 to –0.13) .02 .07

Walking 46.00 (7.67) 46.70 (7.61) 1.8085 (22) 0.70 (–0.10 to 1.49) .08 .13

Control 44.83 (7.77) 45.09 (7.65) 2.0205 (22) 0.26 (–0.01 to 0.53) .06 .11
TCg (mmol/L)






CTC12 5.40 (0.97) 5.03 (0.63) –2.7694 (21) –0.37 (–0.65 to –0.09) .01 .05

TC24 5.44 (1.05) 5.28 (0.99) –1.2498 (22) –0.16 (–0.42 to 0.10) .23 .30

Square dance 5.43 (1.06) 4.79 (1.16) –3.5620 (21) –0.64 (–1.00 to –0.26) .002 .01

Walking 5.39 (0.82) 5.24 (0.71) –0.9954 (22) –0.15 (–0.46 to 0.16) .33 .39

Control 5.51 (1.01) 5.72 (0.84) 1.9356 (22) 0.21 (–0.01 to 0.42) .07 .12
TGh (mmol/L)






CTC12 1.62 (1.03) 1.18 (0.60) –3.9299 (21) –0.44 (–0.68 to –0.21) .001 .008

TC24 1.69 (0.82) 1.49 (0.77) –2.7039 (22) –0.20 (–0.37 to –0.05) .01 .05

Square dance 1.62 (0.52) 1.27 (0.34) –4.6725 (21) –0.35 (–0.50 to –0.19) <.001 .002

Walking 1.66 (0.66) 1.48 (0.67) –2.4388 (22) –0.18 (–0.34 to –0.03) .023 .067

Control 1.70 (0.61) 1.93 (0.68) 1.8613 (22) 0.23 (–0.03 to 0.47) .09 .13
HDL-Ci (mmol/L)






CTC12 1.47 (0.30) 1.53 (0.30) 2.1168 (21) 0.06 (0.00 to 0.13) .05 .11

TC24 1.37 (0.35) 1.38 (0.37) 0.2423 (22) 0.01 (–0.076 to 0.10) .81 .81

Square dance 1.30 (0.30) 1.37 (0.37) 2.0256 (21) 0.07 (–0.00 to 0.13) .06 .11

Walking 1.34 (0.33) 1.37 (0.26) 1.1281 (22) 0.03 (–0.03 to 0.09) .27 .34

Control 1.30 (0.18) 1.27 (0.19) –0.9172 (22) –0.03 (–0.12 to 0.05) .37 .41
LDL-Cj (mmol/L)






CTC12 2.67 (0.57) 2.23 (0.70) –4.6953 (21) –0.44 (–0.64 to –0.25) <.001 .002

TC24 2.71 (0.64) 2.57 (0.54) –2.3375 (22) –0.14 (–0.26 to –0.02) .03 .07

Square dance 2.60 (0.54) 2.19 (0.48) –4.5876 (21) –0.41 (–0.60 to –0.23) <.001 .002

Walking 2.62 (0.59) 2.50 (0.56) –2.2419 (22) –0.12 (–0.25 to –0.01) .04 .08

Control 2.74 (0.73) 2.91 (0.77) 1.7128 (22) 0.17 (–0.035 to 0.37) .10 .15
Fasting glucose (mmol/L)






CTC12 5.35 (0.80) 5.06 (0.56) –2.4815 (21) –0.29 (–0.53 to –0.05) .02 .07

TC24 5.32 (0.85) 5.28 (0.77) –0.4939 (22) –0.04 (–0.23 to 0.14) .63 .67

Square dance 5.26 (0.81) 4.89 (0.82) –2.1352 (21) –0.37 (–0.72 to –0.01) .05 .09

Walking 5.30 (0.81) 5.26 (0.59) –0.3960 (22) –0.04 (–0.24 to 0.16) .70 .72

Control 5.38 (0.81) 5.50 (0.75) 1.4302 (22) 0.12 (–0.05 to 0.29) .17 .21
IL-6k (pg/ml)






CTC12 2.91 (1.88) 2.58 (1.46) –2.3568 (21) –0.33 (–0.62 to –0.04) .03 .07

TC24 2.90 (1.75) 2.83 (1.69) –0.5833 (22) –0.07 (–0.34 to 0.19) .57 .63

Square dance 2.99 (1.84) 2.88 (1.71) –1.8769 (21) –0.11 (–0.20 to 0.01) .08 .14

Walking 2.93 (2.50) 2.87 (2.48) –1.3773 (22) –0.06 (–0.17 to 0.03) .18 .22

Control 2.99 (1.50) 3.09 (1.42) 1.7851 (22) 0.10 (–0.02 to 0.22) .09 .14
SPPBl (scores)






CTC12 9.59 (0.67) 10.00 (0.82) 3.2504 (21) 0.41 (0.15 to 0.67) .004 .02

TC24 9.52 (0.99) 9.65 (0.88) 1.8166 (22) 0.13 (–0.02 to 0.28) .08 .14

Square dance 9.50 (1.10) 10.00 (0.93) 2.9250 (21) 0.50 (0.14 to 0.86) .008 .04

Walking 9.57 (0.59) 9.61 (0.84) 0.2955 (22) 0.04 (–0.26 to 0.35) .77 .77

Control 9.35 (0.83) 9.22 (0.74) –1.3667 (22) –0.13 (–0.33 to 0.07) .19 .22
ADLm (scores)






CTC12 98.64 (2.28) 99.55 (1.47) 2.1602 (21) 0.91 (0.03 to 1.78) .04 .09

TC24 98.26 (2.43) 98.48 (2.35) 1.0000 (22) 0.22 (–0.23 to 0.67) .33 .38

Square dance 98.18 (2.46) 99.55 (1.47) 2.8062 (21) 1.37 (0.35 to 2.37) .01 .04

Walking 98.70 (2.24) 99.35 (1.72) 1.8166 (22) 0.65 (–0.09 to 1.40) .08 .14

Control 98.91 (2.11) 98.48 (2.35) –1.4475 (22) –0.43 (–1.06 to 0.19) .16 .22
WHOQOLn total (scores)






CTC12 102.36 (7.49) 105.23 (5.76) 4.4585 (21) 2.87 (1.53 to 4.20) <.001 .002

TC24 102.26 (5.77) 104.65 (4.24) 2.3246 (22) 2.39 (0.26 to 4.52) .03 .07

Square dance 102.14 (6.22) 105.18 (5.33) 4.6643 (21) 3.04 (1.69 to 4.40) <.001 .002

Walking 101.87 (5.41) 103.48 (5.24) 3.2565 (22) 1.61 (0.58 to 2.63) .004 .02

Control 102.13 (5.27) 101.43 (5.21) –1.6599 (22) –0.70 (–1.56 to 0.17) .11 .16

aChange indicates the mean difference between pre- and postintervention values.

bDPB: diastolic blood pressure.

cCTC12: 12-form Chen-style Tai Chi.

dTC24: 24-form simplified Tai Chi.

eSPB: systolic blood pressure.

fPP: pulse pressure.

gTC: total cholesterol.

hTG: triglycerides.

iHDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

iLDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

kIL-6: interleukin-6.

lSPPB: Short Physical Performance Battery.

mADL: activity of daily living.

nWHOQOL: World Health Organization Quality of Life questionnaire.