Table 2.
Within-group comparisons of key health indicators before and after intervention (paired t tests).
| Variable and group | Preintervention, mean (SD) | Postintervention, mean (SD) | t test (df) | Changea, marginal mean (95% CI) | P value | Adjusted P value | |||||||
| DBPb (mm Hg) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|
CTC12c | 80.59 (6.81) | 80.36 (6.92) | –0.6918 (21) | –0.23 (–0.91 to 0.46) | .50 | .62 | ||||||
|
|
TC24d | 81.87 (5.52) | 81.65 (5.73) | –0.7740 (22) | 1.26 (–0.80 to 0.37) | .45 | .62 | ||||||
|
|
Square dance | 81.09 (6.24) | 81.36 (6.18) | 1.2396 (21) | 0.27 (–0.18 to 0.73) | .23 | .48 | ||||||
|
|
Walking | 80.43 (7.04) | 79.61 (6.85) | –2.7018 (22) | –0.82 (–1.46 to –0.19) | .01 | .13 | ||||||
|
|
Control | 80.87 (6.06) | 80.83 (5.67) | –0.2041 (22) | –0.04 (–0.49 to 0.40) | .84 | .84 | ||||||
| SBPe (mm Hg) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|
CTC12 | 126.18 (7.69) | 125.45 (7.25) | –2.3470 (21) | –0.73 (–1.37 to –0.08) | .03 | .14 | ||||||
|
|
TC24 | 126.04 (7.74) | 125.57 (7.50) | –0.7359 (22) | –0.47 (–1.83 to 0.87) | .47 | .62 | ||||||
|
|
Square dance | 126.05 (6.42) | 125.59 (6.53) | –1.2076 (21) | –0.46 (–1.24 to 0.33) | .24 | .48 | ||||||
|
|
Walking | 126.43 (9.85) | 126.30 (9.78) | –0.3708 (22) | –0.13 (–0.86 to 0.40) | .71 | .79 | ||||||
|
|
Control | 125.70 (7.78) | 125.96 (7.57) | 1.3667 (22) | 0.26 (–0.13 to 0.66) | .19 | .48 | ||||||
| PPf (mm Hg) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|
CTC12 | 45.59 (9.05) | 45.09 (9.01) | –1.7100 (21) | –0.50 (–1.12 to 0.12) | .10 | .15 | ||||||
|
|
TC24 | 44.17 (8.89) | 43.91 (8.54) | –0.3800 (22) | –0.26 (–1.68 to 1.16) | .70 | .75 | ||||||
|
|
Square dance | 44.96 (7.51) | 44.23 (7.78) | –2.5238 (21) | –0.73 (–1.33 to –0.13) | .02 | .07 | ||||||
|
|
Walking | 46.00 (7.67) | 46.70 (7.61) | 1.8085 (22) | 0.70 (–0.10 to 1.49) | .08 | .13 | ||||||
|
|
Control | 44.83 (7.77) | 45.09 (7.65) | 2.0205 (22) | 0.26 (–0.01 to 0.53) | .06 | .11 | ||||||
| TCg (mmol/L) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|
CTC12 | 5.40 (0.97) | 5.03 (0.63) | –2.7694 (21) | –0.37 (–0.65 to –0.09) | .01 | .05 | ||||||
|
|
TC24 | 5.44 (1.05) | 5.28 (0.99) | –1.2498 (22) | –0.16 (–0.42 to 0.10) | .23 | .30 | ||||||
|
|
Square dance | 5.43 (1.06) | 4.79 (1.16) | –3.5620 (21) | –0.64 (–1.00 to –0.26) | .002 | .01 | ||||||
|
|
Walking | 5.39 (0.82) | 5.24 (0.71) | –0.9954 (22) | –0.15 (–0.46 to 0.16) | .33 | .39 | ||||||
|
|
Control | 5.51 (1.01) | 5.72 (0.84) | 1.9356 (22) | 0.21 (–0.01 to 0.42) | .07 | .12 | ||||||
| TGh (mmol/L) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|
CTC12 | 1.62 (1.03) | 1.18 (0.60) | –3.9299 (21) | –0.44 (–0.68 to –0.21) | .001 | .008 | ||||||
|
|
TC24 | 1.69 (0.82) | 1.49 (0.77) | –2.7039 (22) | –0.20 (–0.37 to –0.05) | .01 | .05 | ||||||
|
|
Square dance | 1.62 (0.52) | 1.27 (0.34) | –4.6725 (21) | –0.35 (–0.50 to –0.19) | <.001 | .002 | ||||||
|
|
Walking | 1.66 (0.66) | 1.48 (0.67) | –2.4388 (22) | –0.18 (–0.34 to –0.03) | .023 | .067 | ||||||
|
|
Control | 1.70 (0.61) | 1.93 (0.68) | 1.8613 (22) | 0.23 (–0.03 to 0.47) | .09 | .13 | ||||||
| HDL-Ci (mmol/L) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|
CTC12 | 1.47 (0.30) | 1.53 (0.30) | 2.1168 (21) | 0.06 (0.00 to 0.13) | .05 | .11 | ||||||
|
|
TC24 | 1.37 (0.35) | 1.38 (0.37) | 0.2423 (22) | 0.01 (–0.076 to 0.10) | .81 | .81 | ||||||
|
|
Square dance | 1.30 (0.30) | 1.37 (0.37) | 2.0256 (21) | 0.07 (–0.00 to 0.13) | .06 | .11 | ||||||
|
|
Walking | 1.34 (0.33) | 1.37 (0.26) | 1.1281 (22) | 0.03 (–0.03 to 0.09) | .27 | .34 | ||||||
|
|
Control | 1.30 (0.18) | 1.27 (0.19) | –0.9172 (22) | –0.03 (–0.12 to 0.05) | .37 | .41 | ||||||
| LDL-Cj (mmol/L) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|
CTC12 | 2.67 (0.57) | 2.23 (0.70) | –4.6953 (21) | –0.44 (–0.64 to –0.25) | <.001 | .002 | ||||||
|
|
TC24 | 2.71 (0.64) | 2.57 (0.54) | –2.3375 (22) | –0.14 (–0.26 to –0.02) | .03 | .07 | ||||||
|
|
Square dance | 2.60 (0.54) | 2.19 (0.48) | –4.5876 (21) | –0.41 (–0.60 to –0.23) | <.001 | .002 | ||||||
|
|
Walking | 2.62 (0.59) | 2.50 (0.56) | –2.2419 (22) | –0.12 (–0.25 to –0.01) | .04 | .08 | ||||||
|
|
Control | 2.74 (0.73) | 2.91 (0.77) | 1.7128 (22) | 0.17 (–0.035 to 0.37) | .10 | .15 | ||||||
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|
CTC12 | 5.35 (0.80) | 5.06 (0.56) | –2.4815 (21) | –0.29 (–0.53 to –0.05) | .02 | .07 | ||||||
|
|
TC24 | 5.32 (0.85) | 5.28 (0.77) | –0.4939 (22) | –0.04 (–0.23 to 0.14) | .63 | .67 | ||||||
|
|
Square dance | 5.26 (0.81) | 4.89 (0.82) | –2.1352 (21) | –0.37 (–0.72 to –0.01) | .05 | .09 | ||||||
|
|
Walking | 5.30 (0.81) | 5.26 (0.59) | –0.3960 (22) | –0.04 (–0.24 to 0.16) | .70 | .72 | ||||||
|
|
Control | 5.38 (0.81) | 5.50 (0.75) | 1.4302 (22) | 0.12 (–0.05 to 0.29) | .17 | .21 | ||||||
| IL-6k (pg/ml) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|
CTC12 | 2.91 (1.88) | 2.58 (1.46) | –2.3568 (21) | –0.33 (–0.62 to –0.04) | .03 | .07 | ||||||
|
|
TC24 | 2.90 (1.75) | 2.83 (1.69) | –0.5833 (22) | –0.07 (–0.34 to 0.19) | .57 | .63 | ||||||
|
|
Square dance | 2.99 (1.84) | 2.88 (1.71) | –1.8769 (21) | –0.11 (–0.20 to 0.01) | .08 | .14 | ||||||
|
|
Walking | 2.93 (2.50) | 2.87 (2.48) | –1.3773 (22) | –0.06 (–0.17 to 0.03) | .18 | .22 | ||||||
|
|
Control | 2.99 (1.50) | 3.09 (1.42) | 1.7851 (22) | 0.10 (–0.02 to 0.22) | .09 | .14 | ||||||
| SPPBl (scores) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|
CTC12 | 9.59 (0.67) | 10.00 (0.82) | 3.2504 (21) | 0.41 (0.15 to 0.67) | .004 | .02 | ||||||
|
|
TC24 | 9.52 (0.99) | 9.65 (0.88) | 1.8166 (22) | 0.13 (–0.02 to 0.28) | .08 | .14 | ||||||
|
|
Square dance | 9.50 (1.10) | 10.00 (0.93) | 2.9250 (21) | 0.50 (0.14 to 0.86) | .008 | .04 | ||||||
|
|
Walking | 9.57 (0.59) | 9.61 (0.84) | 0.2955 (22) | 0.04 (–0.26 to 0.35) | .77 | .77 | ||||||
|
|
Control | 9.35 (0.83) | 9.22 (0.74) | –1.3667 (22) | –0.13 (–0.33 to 0.07) | .19 | .22 | ||||||
| ADLm (scores) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|
CTC12 | 98.64 (2.28) | 99.55 (1.47) | 2.1602 (21) | 0.91 (0.03 to 1.78) | .04 | .09 | ||||||
|
|
TC24 | 98.26 (2.43) | 98.48 (2.35) | 1.0000 (22) | 0.22 (–0.23 to 0.67) | .33 | .38 | ||||||
|
|
Square dance | 98.18 (2.46) | 99.55 (1.47) | 2.8062 (21) | 1.37 (0.35 to 2.37) | .01 | .04 | ||||||
|
|
Walking | 98.70 (2.24) | 99.35 (1.72) | 1.8166 (22) | 0.65 (–0.09 to 1.40) | .08 | .14 | ||||||
|
|
Control | 98.91 (2.11) | 98.48 (2.35) | –1.4475 (22) | –0.43 (–1.06 to 0.19) | .16 | .22 | ||||||
| WHOQOLn total (scores) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|
CTC12 | 102.36 (7.49) | 105.23 (5.76) | 4.4585 (21) | 2.87 (1.53 to 4.20) | <.001 | .002 | ||||||
|
|
TC24 | 102.26 (5.77) | 104.65 (4.24) | 2.3246 (22) | 2.39 (0.26 to 4.52) | .03 | .07 | ||||||
|
|
Square dance | 102.14 (6.22) | 105.18 (5.33) | 4.6643 (21) | 3.04 (1.69 to 4.40) | <.001 | .002 | ||||||
|
|
Walking | 101.87 (5.41) | 103.48 (5.24) | 3.2565 (22) | 1.61 (0.58 to 2.63) | .004 | .02 | ||||||
|
|
Control | 102.13 (5.27) | 101.43 (5.21) | –1.6599 (22) | –0.70 (–1.56 to 0.17) | .11 | .16 | ||||||
aChange indicates the mean difference between pre- and postintervention values.
bDPB: diastolic blood pressure.
cCTC12: 12-form Chen-style Tai Chi.
dTC24: 24-form simplified Tai Chi.
eSPB: systolic blood pressure.
fPP: pulse pressure.
gTC: total cholesterol.
hTG: triglycerides.
iHDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
iLDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
kIL-6: interleukin-6.
lSPPB: Short Physical Performance Battery.
mADL: activity of daily living.
nWHOQOL: World Health Organization Quality of Life questionnaire.