Table 3.
Between-group comparisons of postintervention outcomes among 5 intervention arms (1-way ANOVA).
| Variable | CTC12a (n=22), mean (SD) | TC24b (n=23), mean (SD) | Square dance (n=22), mean (SD) | Walking (n=23), mean (SD) | Control (n=23), mean (SD) | F testc (df) | η2d | P valuee | Post hocf |
| DBPg (mm Hg) | 80.36 (6.92) | 81.65 (5.73) | 81.36 (6.18) | 79.61 (6.85) | 80.83 (5.67) | 0.38 (4,108) | 0.014 | .82 | Nsh |
| SBPi (mm Hg) | 125.45 (7.25) | 125.57 (7.50) | 125.59 (6.53) | 126.30 (9.78) | 125.91 (7.75) | 0.04 (4,108) | 0.002 | .99 | Ns |
| PPj (mm Hg) | 45.09 (9.01) | 43.91 (8.54) | 44.23 (7.78) | 46.70 (7.61) | 45.09 (7.65) | 0.40 (4,108) | 0.015 | .81 | Ns |
| TCk (mmol/L) | 5.03 (0.63) | 5.28 (0.99) | 4.79 (1.16) | 5.24 (0.71) | 5.79 (0.90) | 3.82 (4,108) | 0.124 | .006 | Control>CTC12, square dance |
| TGl (mmol/L) | 1.18 (0.60) | 1.49 (0.77) | 1.27 (0.34) | 1.48 (0.67) | 1.93 (0.68) | 4.75 (4,108) | 0.149 | .001 | Control>CTC12, square dance |
| HDL-Cm (mmol/L) | 1.53 (0.30) | 1.38 (0.37) | 1.37 (0.37) | 1.37 (0.27) | 1.27 (0.19) | 2.14 (4,108) | 0.073 | .08 | Control<CTC12; others ns |
| LDL-Cn (mmol/L) | 2.23 (0.70) | 2.57 (0.54) | 2.18 (0.47) | 2.50 (0.56) | 2.91 (0.77) | 4.98 (4,108) | 0.156 | .001 | Control>CTC12, square dance |
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 4.90 (0.58) | 5.28 (0.77) | 4.89 (0.82) | 5.26 (0.59) | 5.50 (0.75) | 3.07 (4,108) | 0.102 | .02 | Control>CTC12, square dance |
| IL-6o (pg/ml) | 2.58 (1.46) | 2.83 (1.69) | 2.88 (1.71) | 2.87 (2.48) | 3.09 (1.42) | 0.23 (4,108) | 0.009 | .92 | Ns |
| SPPBp (scores) | 10.00 (0.82) | 9.61 (0.94) | 10.00 (0.93) | 9.61 (0.84) | 9.22 (0.74) | 3.31 (4,108) | 0.109 | .01 | CTC12, square dance>Control |
| ADLq (scores) | 99.55 (1.47) | 98.48 (2.35) | 99.55 (1.47) | 99.35 (1.72) | 98.48 (2.35) | 1.88 (4,108) | 0.065 | .12 | Ns |
| WHOQOLr total (scores) | 105.23 (5.76) | 104.65 (4.24) | 105.18 (5.33) | 103.48 (5.24) | 100.91 (5.09) | 2.80 (4,108) | 0.094 | .03 | CTC12, square dance>control |
| BMRs (kcal) | 1391.50 (70.78) | 1314.96 (91.49) | 1396.55 (74.45) | 1296.74 (102.82) | 1257.22 (92.10) | 10.90 (4,108) | 0.2877 | <.001 | CTC12, square dance>control, TC24, walking |
| ΔHRt (bpm) | 29.50 (4.61) | 22.48 (6.67) | 46.68 (7.48) | 19.48 (2.19) | 0.00 (0.00) | 105.35 (4,108) | 0.7861 | <.001 | Square dance>CTC12> TC24 > Walking |
| 1.5 hours additional calories burned (kcal) | 363.75 (18.54) | 207.80 (15.76) | 386.65 (37.29) | 166.36 (12.60) | 0.00 (0.00) | 518.87 (4,108) | 0.948 | <.001 | Square dance>CTC12>TC24, Walking |
aCTC12: 12-form Chen-style Tai Chi.
bTC24: 24-form simplified Tai Chi.
cF test: analysis of variance test statistic.
dη2: representing effect size.
eP values represent the significance of overall group differences.
fPairwise comparisons were conducted using Tukey’s post hoc tests where appropriate.
gDPB: diastolic blood pressure.
hNs: not significant.
iSPB: systolic blood pressure.
jPP: pulse pressure.
kTC: total cholesterol.
lTG: triglycerides.
mHDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
nLDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
oIL-6: interleukin-6.
pSPPB: Short Physical Performance Battery.
qADL: activity of daily living.
rWHOQOL: World Health Organization Quality of Life questionnaire.
sBMR: basal metabolic rate.
tΔHR: heart rate increase.