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. 2026 Apr 24;17:1801603. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2026.1801603

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Copyright © 2026 Li, Zhou, Du and Xu.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Flowchart illustrating participant progression in a randomized study with 186 assessed for eligibility, 6 excluded, 180 randomized equally to two groups, no loss to follow-up or discontinued interventions, and all analyzed for outcomes. — CONSORT flow diagram of the study. Abbreviations: CONSORT, Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials; Group D+M, received intranasal dexmedetomidine combined with oral midazolam; Group D+C, received intranasal dexmedetomidine combined with oral chloral hydrate.