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. 2026 Apr 24;17:1801603. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2026.1801603

TABLE 1.

Baseline characteristics.

Variables Total (n = 180) Group D+C (n = 90) Group D+M (n = 90)
Sex, n (%)
  Male 92 (51.11) 49 (54.44) 43 (47.78)
  Female 88 (48.89) 41 (45.56) 47 (52.22)
Age (months), M (Q1, Q3) 31.00 (21.00, 41.00) 31.00 (22.25, 41.00) 29.50 (21.00, 39.75)
Weight (kg), M (Q1, Q3) 13.00 (11.30, 15.00) 13.00 (11.50, 15.00) 13.00 (11.07, 14.50)
Body temperature (°C), M (Q1, Q3) 36.60 (36.40, 36.73) 36.60 (36.42, 36.70) 36.60 (36.40, 36.80)
ASA, n (%)
  I 19 (10.56) 9 (10.00) 10 (11.11)
  II 161 (89.44) 81 (90.00) 80 (88.89)
Fasting time (h), M (Q1, Q3) 2.51 (1.92, 4.35) 2.91 (1.77, 5.61) 2.41 (1.96, 3.98)
Previous sedation history, n (%) 28 (15.56) 13 (14.44) 15 (16.67)
Primary diagnosis, n (%)
  Routine health examination 8 (4.44) 4 (4.44) 4 (4.44)
  Respiratory system disorders 102 (56.67) 49 (54.44) 53 (58.89)
  Neurological disorders 17 (9.44) 12 (13.33) 5 (5.56)
  Digestive system disorders 6 (3.33) 2 (2.22) 4 (4.44)
  Cardiovascular disorders 35 (19.44) 15 (16.67) 20 (22.22)
  Sensory system disorders 12 (6.67) 8 (8.89) 4 (4.44)
Examination types, n (%)
  Pulmonary function test 94 (52.22) 44 (48.89) 50 (55.56)
  Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 5 (2.78) 3 (3.33) 2 (2.22)
  Electroencephalography (EEG) 10 (5.56) 8 (8.89) 2 (2.22)
  Hearing screening 11 (6.11) 7 (7.78) 4 (4.44)
  Electrocardiography (ECG) 19 (10.56) 8 (8.89) 11 (12.22)
  Specialized ultrasonography 33 (18.33) 16 (17.78) 17 (18.89)
  Computed tomography (CT) 8 (4.44) 4 (4.44) 4 (4.44)

Data are presented as median (interquartile range) or number (%), as appropriate.

Abbreviations: Group D+C received intranasal dexmedetomidine combined with oral chloral hydrate, and Group D+M received intranasal dexmedetomidine combined with oral midazolam.