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. 2026 May 7;11(2):e002658. doi: 10.1136/bmjophth-2025-002658

Table 2. Examples from the binning and winnowing phase.

Original item from the interviews Action during binning and winnowing
How much difficulty do you have driving in the dark? In the rain? In the mist? Binning – Binned together, ie, How much difficulty do you have driving in poor visibility (in the dark, mist or rain)?
How often do you experience misty vision? Cloudy vision? Hazy vision? Vision as if you are looking through a veil? Winnowing – Kept the most representative item (ie, experiencing cloudy vision), removed the other items.
How often do you feel hopeful? How often do you feel hopeless? Winnowing – Removed all positively-phrased emotional concepts (eg, hopeful) and kept negative counterpart (eg, hopeless).
How much trouble is not doing everything you want to do? Removed – Item was unclear and too general.
How much difficulty do you have reading the menu in a dimly lit restaurant? Removed – Item was too specific.
How often do you experience stinging pain in your eye? Removed – Item was similar to another item (ie, How often do you experience stinging in your eye?).