GLP-1	Glucagon-Like Peptide 1
GLP-1R	Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor
GLP-1RAs	Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonists
GPCR	G-protein-coupled receptors
GIP	Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide
PD	Parkinson’s Disease
AD	Alzheimer’s Disease
T2DM	Type 2 diabetes mellitus
BBB	Blood–brain barrier
CNS	Central Nervous System
PNS	Peripheral nervous system
cAMP	Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate
CREB	cAMP response element-binding protein
PKA	Protein Kinase A
PI3K	Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase
AKT	Protein Kinase B
ERK	Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase
MAPK	Mitogen-activated protein kinases
EPAC	Exchange protein activated by cAMP
mTOR	Mammalian target of rapamycin
GSK-3β	Glycogen synthase kinase-3β
FOXO1	Forkhead box O1
DNA	Deoxyribonucleic acid
RNA	Ribonucleic acid
APE1	Apurinic/Apyrimidinic endonuclease 1
BER	Base excision repair
Ex4	Exendin-4
MPZ	Myelin protein zero
PMP22	Peripheral myelin protein 22
IFRS1	Immortalised Fischer rat Schwann cells
MS	Multiple sclerosis
IL-1β	Interleukin-1 beta
IL-6	Interleukin-6
IL-17	Interleukin-17
TNF-α	Tumour necrosis factor-alpha
Th1	T helper type 1
Th17	T helper type 17
ROS	Reactive oxygen species
HDAC6	Histone Deacetylase 6
LC3	Microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3
SCI	Spinal cord injury
PtdIns3P	Phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate
AGEs	Advanced glycation end-products
NTS	Nucleus tractus solitarius
ARC	Arcuate nucleus
PVN	Paraventricular nucleus
VMH	Ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus
DMV	Dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus
POMC	Proopiomelanocortin
CSF	Cerebrospinal fluid
DPP-4	Dipeptidyl peptidase-4
DPP-4i	Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors
PYY	Peptide YY
LPS	Lipopolysaccharide
HFD	High-fat diet
MPTP	1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine
SCFAs	Short chain fatty acids
GPR41/43	G protein-coupled receptor 41/43
DKD	Diabetic kidney disease
NAFLD	Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
DCA	Deoxycholic acid
PBMC	Peripheral blood mononuclear cell
IGF-1	Insulin-like growth factor-1
STAT3	Signal transducer and activator of transcription
APP	Amyloid Precursor Protein
PS1	Presenilin 1
5xFAD	Five familial Alzheimer’s Disease mutation
STZ	Streptozotocin
NLRP2	NLR family pyrin domain containing 2
GluR1	Glutamate receptor 1
PSD-95	Postsynaptic density protein-95
BDNF	Brain-derived neurotrophic factor
ADAM10	A disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 10
RCTs	Randomised controlled trials
PET	Positron Emission Tomography