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. 2026 May 3;15(9):3505. doi: 10.3390/jcm15093505
ATCC American Type Culture Collection
CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
CHCA Alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid
CIM Carbapenem Inactivation Method
CLSI Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute
CRAB Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii
ECDC European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control
ESBL Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases
ESKAPE Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter spp.
EUCAST European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing
FDA Food and Drug Administration
GES Guiana Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase
IDSA Infectious Diseases Society of America
IMP Imipenemase
KORLD National Reference Centre for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing
KPC Klebsiella pneumoniae Carbapenemase
LPS Lipopolysaccharide
MALDI-TOF MS Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry
MBL Metallo-β-Lactamase
MDR Multidrug-Resistant
MIC Minimum Inhibitory Concentration
NDM New Delhi Metallo-β-Lactamase
NSBL Narrow-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases
OMV Outer Membrane Vesicles
OXA Oxacillinases
PBP Penicillin-Binding Proteins
PER Pseudomonas Extended-Resistance β-Lactamase
PDR Pandrug-Resistant
PSE Pseudomonas-Specific Enzyme
RND Resistance-Nodulation-Division
SIM Seoul Imipenemase
VAP Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia
VEB Vietnamese Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase
VIM Verona Integron-Encoded Metallo-β-Lactamase
WHO World Health Organization
XDR Extensively Drug-Resistant