| CRMs | Critical raw materials |
| EU | European Union |
| LIBs | Lithium-ion batteries |
| LCO | LiCoO2 |
| NMC | LiNixCoyMn1−x−yO2 |
| LMO | LiMn2O4 |
| LFP | LiFePO4 |
| DES | Deep eutectic solvents |
| ICP-OES | Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry |
| XRD | X-ray Diffraction |
| SEM-EDS | Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy |
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