| GNSS | Global navigation satellite system |
| TSA | Time synchronization attack |
| PMU | Phasor measurement unit |
| SQM | Signal quality monitor |
| WSCM | Weighted second-order central moment |
| IAEAC | IEEE Advanced Information Technology, Electronic and Automation Control Conference |
| GPS | Global positioning system |
| Cor-Dop | Carrier Doppler Pearson correlation coefficient estimation |
| CLT | Central limit theorem |
| SDR | Software-defined radio |