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. 2026 Apr 23;26(9):2609. doi: 10.3390/s26092609
LIBS Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy
ICCD Intensified Charge-Coupled Device
HSI Hyperspectral Imaging
IR Infrared
MIRS Mid Infrared Spectroscopy
VNIR Visible Near-Infrared
SWIR Short Wave Infrared
FTIR Fourier Transform Infrared
QCL Quantum Cascade Laser
PLSR Partial Least Squares Regression
LV Latent Variable
CV Coefficient of Variation
R2 Coefficient of Determination
RMSEC Root Mean Square Error of Calibration
RMSECV Root Mean Square Error of Cross-Validation
RMSEP Root Mean Square Error of Prediction
RPD Ratio of Performance to Deviation
SD Standard deviation
SNV Standard Normal Variate
FOD Fractional Order Derivative
VIP Variable Importance in Projection
ANOVA Analysis Of VAriance