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. 2026 Apr 29;17:1837813. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1837813

Figure 2.

Panel A shows a principal component analysis (PCA) plot comparing Sham and CA/CPR groups with distinct clustering. Panel B displays a volcano plot identifying significantly upregulated and downregulated genes after CA/CPR. Panel C depicts a dot plot of the top ten enriched pathways, with enrichment scores and significance levels shown. Panel D presents a heatmap of gene expression changes in key inflammatory genes across conditions. Panel E contains bar graphs showing significantly increased mRNA levels of Cxcl1, Cxcl10, Ccl2, and Ccl12 in CA/CPR groups at different time points compared to Sham. Panel F includes representative fluorescent images of Ly6G staining in tissues and a quantification bar graph showing increased positive area after CA/CPR. Panel G features individual scatter plots comparing serum levels of IL-17A to IL-17F between Sham and CA/CPR groups. Panel H presents a bar graph showing a significant increase in plasma IL-17A in CA versus Non-CA.

Early activation of IL-17 signaling pathway in CA/CPR-induced brain injuries. (A) Principal components analysis for genes expressions of whole brain tissues from Sham and CA/CPR groups at 3 h post-resuscitation (female mice, n = 3). (B) The volcano plot showing the differentially expressed genes in CA/CPR versus Sham groups at 3 h post-resuscitation (female mice, n = 3). (C) The top 10 KEGG pathways of differentially expressed genes. (D) Heatmap of differential expressed genes enriched in IL-17 signaling pathway (n = 3). (E) The expressions of chemokines involved in IL-17 pathway were detected by RT-qPCR in brain tissues harvested from Sham and CA/CPR groups at indicated times (n = 6). Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’s post hoc test. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001. (F) Left panel: Neutrophils infiltration in cerebral cortex was measured by immunofluorescence staining of Ly6G at indicated times post-Sham and CA/CPR (n = 4, scale bar = 50 μm). Right panel: Quantification of immunofluorescence staining of Ly6G presented in the left panel (n = 4). Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’s post hoc test. ***P < 0.001. (G) Serum levels of IL-17A, IL-17B, IL-17C, IL-17D, IL-17E, IL-17F in Sham and CA/CPR groups at 3 h post-resuscitation (n = 6). Data were analyzed by Student t test. *P < 0.05; ***P < 0.001; ns = not significant. (H) Plasma levels of IL-17A in survivors with sudden CA resulted from STEMI who underwent CPR and their non-CA PSM-matched controls (n = 26 per group). Data were analyzed by Mann–Whitney U test. *P < 0.05. CA indicates cardiac arrest; CPR, cardiopulmonary resuscitation; KEGG, Kyoto Encyclopedia Genes and Genomes; PSM, propensity score-matched; RT-qPCR, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction.