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. 2026 Apr 29;17:1837813. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1837813

Figure 4.

Scientific figure with eight panels showing experimental workflow, molecular and cellular analyses, and outcome measures in a mouse cardiac arrest and CPR model with secukinumab treatment. Panel A illustrates the experimental timeline. Panel B presents bar graphs of relative mRNA levels for Cxcl1, Cxcl10, Ccl2, and Ccl12, with secukinumab reducing inflammatory gene expression after CA/CPR. Panel C shows immunofluorescence images and quantification of a brain marker, indicating decreased positive area with secukinumab. Panel D includes dorsal brain photographs and a bar graph of Evans Blue assay, showing reduced blood-brain barrier leakage with secukinumab. Panel E presents Western blots and quantification for Bcl-2, Bax, cleaved caspase-3, and caspase-3, demonstrating changes in apoptosis markers. Panel F displays TUNEL staining images and quantification, indicating fewer apoptotic neurons with secukinumab. Panel G shows a scatter plot of neurological scores, with improved outcomes in the secukinumab group. Panel H is a Kaplan-Meier survival plot, showing higher survival probability with secukinumab over seventy-two hours.

Early inhibition of IL-17A mitigates brain injury and improves neurological outcomes in CA/CPR mice. (A) Schematic representation of the experiment design. (B) Relative mRNA expression of chemokines in indicated groups after 3 h post-CA/CPR (n = 6). Data were analyzed by 2-way ANOVA followed by the Bonferroni post hoc test. ***P < 0.001. (C) Left panel: Representative Ly6G staining immunofluorescence images of cerebral cortex in indicated groups after 3 h post-CA/CPR (n = 4, scale bar = 50 μm). Right panel: Quantification of immunofluorescence staining presented in the left panel (n = 4). Data were analyzed by 2-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’s post hoc test. ***P < 0.001. (D) Left panel: Representative whole brain photographs of indicated groups after 24 h post-CA/CPR. Right panel: Evaluation of the extrusion levels of Evan’s blue in the brains (n = 4). Data were analyzed by 2-way ANOVA followed by the Bonferroni post hoc test. ***P < 0.001. (E) Left panel: Expression levels of apoptosis-related proteins in cerebral cortex from indicated groups after 24 h post-CA/CPR (n = 5). Right panel: Quantification of protein expressions in indicated groups. Data were analyzed by 2-way ANOVA followed by the Bonferroni post hoc test. *P < 0.05; ***P < 0.001. (F) Left panel: Representative images of neuron apoptosis in cerebral cortex were visualized by TUNEL staining (n = 4, scale bar = 50 μm). Right panel: Quantification of immunofluorescence staining presented in the left panel (n = 4). Data were analyzed by 2-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’s post hoc test. ***P < 0.001. (G) Neurological scoring of mice after 24 h post-CA/CPR in indicated groups. Of note, dead mice (11 in Isotype group and 4 in Secukinumab group) were also shown in the figure (score = 0) but excluded from statistical analysis. Data were analyzed by Mann–Whitney U test. **P < 0.01. (H) Survival curves in indicated groups (n = 20 per group). Survival data were analyzed by the Kaplan-Meier method and compared using log-rank tests. *P < 0.05. CA indicates cardiac arrest; CPR, cardiopulmonary resuscitation; IL-17, interleukin-17; TUNEL, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling.