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. 2026 Apr 29;17:1807765. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2026.1807765

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Copyright © 2026 Chiuta, Pofu and Mashela.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Four grouped bar charts showing the fraction of total nematode numbers by trophic group—herbivores, fungivores, bacterivores, and omnivores—across different treatments and sites (UL and ARC). Charts (a) and (c) depict control treatments, while charts (b) and (d) show paired treatments. Herbivores consistently dominate across bars, with smaller and varying fractions of fungivores, bacterivores, and occasional omnivores indicated by colored segments. Each bar group is labeled according to treatment and site along the horizontal axis. — Feeding type composition of nematode assemblage of different cropping systems in sequence 1 (a), sequence 2 (b), sequence 3 (c), and sequence 4 (d) at University of Limpopo (UL) and at the Agricultural Research Council (ARC), where P = potato, SSS = sweet stem sorghum, Ca = Cucumis africanus, PV = potato (Velum)-potato.