Figure 1.

Immunosenescence-driven Th-cell and chemokine network in elderly asthma. Aging-associated immune remodeling shifts elderly asthma from a predominantly allergic paradigm toward a mixed inflammatory state characterized by persistent Th2 signaling, enhanced Th17/Th1 activity, and impaired Treg suppression. Major chemokine axes recruit eosinophils, neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages, and remodeling-associated cells, thereby promoting airway inflammation, tissue remodeling, poor disease control, and glucocorticoid resistance. Abbreviations: Th: helper T cell; Treg: regulatory T cell.