Table 2.

Comparative analysis of Pb, Cd, and Ni concentrations in surface wipe samples and blood among exposed and non-exposed participants

Variable	Exposed (n=76)		Non-exposed (n=49)		p-value
	Mean±SD	Range	Mean±SD	Range
Surface Pb (μg/100 cm2)	245.042±613.910	0.170–3,412.00	0.609±0.934	ND–3.80	<0.001* b
Surface Cd (μg/100 cm2)	0.375±0.662	ND–3.20	0.1673±1.171	ND–8.20	<0.001* b
Surface Ni (μg/100 cm2)	46.115±75.740	0.180–368.0	28.1970±63.022	ND–368.00	<0.001* b
Blood Pb (μg/dL)	6.41±1.49	3.01–10.84	6.41±1.6	3.29–9.74	0.885a
Blood Cd (μg/L)	0.97±0.39	0.22–2.09	0.91±0.28	0.3–1.53	0.501b
Blood Ni (μg/L)	2.60±0.48	1.55–4.05	2.52±0.45	1.24–3.61	0.689b

ND: Not detected (<LOQ)

^aAnalyzed using Student's t-test

^bAnalyzed using Mann–Whitney U